ڶƪ ʴл
ʴлϳɴлֽл
лܡܣ
лڣƽ⡢ʧ⣩
л
л
;
֯λ
ϸڶλ
ø
ATP
乹
ε
ص
м
ղ
ø
Ļ
л,ˮƽ⡢δл
лл,Ǵл֬л,
лл
л
л
Chapter 5 Carbohydrate
Metabolism
Ҫ
ǵֽ
ǵ
;
ԭĺϳֽ
Ѫ
һ
һǵĸ༰ṹ
1.1 ,һǻȩȩǣ
ͪͪǣ
1.2 ༰ṹ,
A Monosaccharides
B˫ Disaccharides
C Oligosaccharides
D Polysaccharides
ʽ
,ȩ Glyceraldehyde
DZͪ Dihydroxyacetone
, Erythrose
, Ribose
Deoxyribose
, Glucose,Glc
Fructose,Fru
Galactose,Gal
, Sedoheptulose
Monosaccharides
H-C=O CH2OH
H-C-OH C=O
CH2OH CH2OH
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde
CHO CHO
HCOH CH2
HCOH HCOH
HCOH HCOH
CH2OH CH2OH
Deoxyribose Ribose
CHO CH2OH CHO
HCOH C=O HCOH
HOCH HOCH HOCH
HCOH HCOH HOCH
HCOH HCOH HCOH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
Galactose
Gal
Fructose
Fru
Glucose
Glc
Sucrose, +
ѿ Maltose, +
Lactose, +
˫ Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides, 3-10
ĹѾǣҪǵ֬
Polysaccharides,
Starch, ֲٻ֧,
-1,4(6)-ռ
ԭ Glycogen, ֧
ǵʽ, -1,4(6)-ռ
ά Cellulose, ֲ֧,
-1,4-ռ
ԭ
άؽṹ,-1,4 - ռ
ǵ
A
Bǹ֯ṹҪɷ
CǻҪ̼Դ
DǵγҪ
ʣ,ATP,FAD,NAD+
EܣźŴʶ𡢼
ءø ---ǵ
ǵ
3.1 ԴԴԡԴ
ǣֲۡԭά
ǣǡ
ǣǡǡ
3.2 ,
ѿ
ѿ
ѿ
-ٽ
ǡ ǡǡ
DNA,RNA ǡ
Һø
ȵø
ѿø
ø
ѿø
ٽø
øø
DNAø,RNAø
3.3 ,
λ,СճĤƤϸ
ʽ,ԡǡʽ
,ɢ
ǣǣת
Na+ ת
Na+ -dependent glucose transporter (SGLT)
G
Na+
G
Na+
Na+
K+ K+
СճĤϸ
ǻ
Na+
G G
Na+ Na+
G
ġڵĶֲ̬
4.1 С
Aϳɸԭ̣ԭֽ⣩
BתΪʣ̣
Cֽ
DͷѪ
4.2 ֯ϸ
Aֽ
Bϳɼԭ ֽܷΪǣ
CתΪ (֯ )
ǽϸת Glucose Transporter GLUT1-5
塢Ǵлĸſ
ԭ
ԭ
ԭ
ǽͽ;
;
ǵ
;
A B
D
C
E
F
ͪ ø A
CO2+H2O
ڶ
⣩
һǽͽĸ
A,ǽͽ Glycolysis,
ȱ£
Lactate Ĺ̳Ϊǽͽ⡣
B,ǽͽ; Glycolytic pathway,
ǽͽĵһΣǷֽΪ
ͪ Pyruvate Ĺ̳Ϊǽͽ;
ǽͽķӦ
---Ϊ 2
2.1 ǽͽ; Glycolytic pathway
Glucose ͪ Pyruvate
10Ӧ,10øȱС
2.2 ͪỹԭΪ
ͪ Pyruvate Lactate
ֻȱʱУʱͪ
A,ữΪ 6-
O
CH2 HO
H
OH OH
H OH
H OH
H
H
ATP ADP Mg2+
Ǽø
O H
OH OH
H OH
H OH
H
O CH2
H
6-
P
(glucose) ( glucose 6-phosphate,G-6-P )
ע,
bø -ATP,Mg++
c桢Ϊؼøøܼصء
dữDzϸĤݳϸ
aǼø hexokinase, I-IV,
ϸΪ IVֳͣǼø glucokinase
ǰ KmֵСԲ
壺 GlcŨȽϵʱϸ Glc
B,6-תΪ 6-
Ἲ칹ø
H OH
H OH
OH HO
CH2OH CH2 O
6-
O P
H
OH
H OH
OH H
HO
H H
CH2 O
6-
O
P
( glucose 6-phosphate,G-6-P ) ( fructose 6-phosphate,F-6-P )
ע,
aἺ칹ø phosphoglucoisomerase
bȩǡͪͬ칹廥䣬 Mg++롣
c档
C,6-תΪ 1,6-˫
ATP ADP
Mg2+
6-Ǽø -1
H OH
H OH
OH HO
CH2 CH2 O
1,6-˫
O O P P
H OH
H OH
OH HO
CH2OH CH2 O
6-
O
P
( fructose 1,6-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P ) ( fructose 6-phosphate,F-6-P )
ע,
a,6-Ǽø -1
6-phosphofructo-kinase-1
bø -ATP,Mg++
c桢Ϊؼøøɽ
ڡ
DἺѽ 2
DZͪ
3-ȩ
+
C
CH2OH
CH2 O
O
P
CH OH
CH2 O
CHO
P
ȩø
HO
1,6-˫
C
C
C
C
CH2O
CH2O
O
H
O H
OH
H
H
P
P
( fructose 1,6-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P )
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate
ע,
aȩø aldolase
b档
cһӶἺѽǡ
Eǵͬ칹
DZͪ 3-ȩ
C
CH2OH
CH2 O
O
P
CH OH
CH2 O
CHO
P 칹ø
dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
ע,
a칹ø
Triose phosphate isomerase
b档
cͬ칹Ļ䡣
d 3-ȩϴлģӦ
3-ȩԺķӦ
Ϊ 2ӡ
F,3-ȩΪ 1,3-
1,3-
Pi,NAD+ NADH+H+
3-ȩø
3-ȩ
CH OH
CH2 O
CHO
P
CH OH
CH2 O
C O= O
P
P
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
ע,
aȩø
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
b档
c,NAD+Ϊ壬ԭ
ڱͪỹԭɾ
ữ
dγɸ
G,1,3- תΪ 3-
1,3 -
CH OH
CH2 O
C O= O P
P
ADP ATP
ἤø
3-
CH OH
CH2 O
COOH
P
1,3-biphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate
ע,
aἤø Phosphoglycerate kinase
b档
cˮƽữ Substrate level phosphorylation
ADPնữ
ֱżķӦ̳Ϊ
ˮƽữ
dܹ̣ 1*2 ATP
H,3- תΪ 2-
2- 3-
CH OH
CH2 O
COOH
P
CH
OH CH2
O
COOH
P λø
2-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate mutase
I,2-תΪϩʽͪ
ϩʽͪ
+ H2O
2-
CH
OH CH2
O
COOH
P C
CH2
O
COOH
P
ϩø
2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate PEP
aϩø Enolase
b档
cˮڲ,
·ֲγɸΪ
һӦ
ע,
Jϩʽͪת ATPͱͪ
C=O
CH3
ͪ
COOH
ADP ATP K+ Mg+
ͪἤø
C
CH2
O
COOH
P
ϩʽͪ
pyruvate phosphoenolpyruvate PEP
ע,
ɡǽͽ;
aͪἤø Pyruvate kinase, Mg++,K+
b棬ø
cڶεˮƽữ 1*2ATP
Kͪת,
C=O
CH3
ͪ
COOH
CHOH
CH3
COOH
ø
NADH + H+ NAD+
pyruvate lactate
ע,
aø Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH
b档
c,2H 3-ȩ⡣
ɡǽͽ⡱ọ̈̄ 2 ATP
E1:Ǽø
E2,6-Ǽø -1
E3,ͪἤø
л
;
Glu G-6-P F-6-P 1,6 C PF
ATP ADP ATP ADP
NAD+
1,3-
3-
2-
ͪ
DZͪ 3-ȩ
NAD+
NADH+H+
ADP
ATP
ADP ATP
ϩʽͪ
E2 E1
E3
NADH+H+
ǽͽص
AϸڶλҺ
Bø,3
Cɣ 2 ATPӡ
δȫͷţỹͨ
ѭã
D
EǽͽɴǿʼҲɴԭ
ǵλʼɴӹǡǿʼ
ġǽͽĵ
ؼø
Ǽø
6-Ǽø -1
ͪἤø
ڷʽ
ε
6-
ø-
2
AMP,ADP
ATP,ᣨŨȣ
(+)
(+)
(C)
4.1 6-Ǽø -1,
4.1.1
2,6-˫
6-Ǽø -1
ATP ADP
6- 1,6-˫
(+)
ע,
AƼ,ATPᡣ
ATPڴøжϲλ,
a,ĵϲλŨʱ
b,ڲλŨʱ
B,
AMP,ADP,1,6-˫ǣ
2,6-˫
+ AMP
_
2,6-˫ǵĺϳɺͷֽ
2,6-˫ǵı乹
Pi
H2O
˫
ø -2
6-
2,6-˫
ATP
ADP
6-
Ǽø -2
øԣ
6-Ǽø -2 6 - Ǽø - 2
ȸѪ CAMP
ATP
P i ø
(ø )
PKA
P
4.1.2 ε
4.2 ͪἤø
A,,
,1,6-˫
Ƽ,ATP ( )
B,Σữʧ
4.3 ǼøǼø
֬ø Aıã
ټʱȶǵȡ
塢ǽͽ
ṩ,
AڼѸٹ,
Bȱ¹,
ԭȱķιܲȫʱȱ
CЩ֯ʹȱʱҲǽͽ
ṩȫ,
ϸϸ衣
D,ʸ, 50%
һĸ
³
ˮͶ̼ͷŴ
̳Ϊǵ
ſ
6-
ͪ ͪ CoA
ѭ
H+ + e
O2 O2 O2 H2O
CO2
Һ
ķӦ
---Ϊ 3
2.2 ͪ 壩
ͪ Pyruvate CoA Acetyl CoA
2.1 ǽͽ;Һ
Glucose ͪ Pyruvate
2.3 ѭữ壩
CoA Acetyl CoA CO2+H2O+ATP
2.2 ͪ壬
2.2.1 Ӧʽ
2.2.2 øø
2.2.3 û
2.2.4 ص
2.2.1 Ӧʽ,
COOH
C=O
CH3 CH3
ͪ ø A
Pyruvate Acetyl CoA
NAD+ NADH+H+
CO2 HSCoA,TPP,FAD
ͪø
CO~SCoA
2.2.2 øø,
Bø
a TPP E1ά B1
b FAD E3ά B2
c NAD+ E3ά PP
d HSCoAᣩ
eᣨ E2
Aͪø
aø E1,12
bתø E2,60
cø E3,6
2.2.3
û
2.2.4 ص
A 2H NAD+,3ATP
Bȣ C3 C2
Cø
D
2.3 ѭ
Tricarboxylic acid cycle,
TAC,TCA cycle
ֳ,ѭ
Citric acid cycle
Krebs ѭ
Krebs cycle
2.3.1 Ӧ
2.3.2
2.3.3 ص
2.3.4
ϳø
2.3.1 ѭķӦ
oxaloacetate
acetyl CoA
citrate HSCoA
Aγ
ע,
Aϳø citrate synthase,ؼø
BӦ棬ڰҺеѽø
£ɽѽΪø A
C,C2+C4 C6ʵʽ TAC
˳ͷø ˳ͷø
˳ͷø Aconitase,档
citrate isocitrate
Bγ
ø
isocitrate a- ketoglutarate
Cһ
ע,
Aø isocitrate dehydrogenase,
ؼø
Bһ⣨ NAD+ NADH+H+
3 ATP
Cһȣ C6 C5+CO2
D棬 Mn++,Mg++
-ͪø
a- ketoglutarate succinyl - CoA
Dڶ
ע,
A,-ͪø
a- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
ؼø棬Ʊͪø塣
Bڶ⣨ NAD+ NADH+H+
3 ATP
Cڶȣ C5 C4 +CO2
DΪһˮƽữ
ø Aϳø
succinyl - CoA succinate
Eˮƽữ
ע,
Aø Aϳø succinyl-CoA synthetase,
档
Bˮƽữ 1 ATP
ѭΨһһεˮƽữ
ø
succinate fumarate
ע,A,ø succinate dehydrogenase,档
B, FAD FADH2 2 ATP
FӺ
Ӻø
Ӻø fumarase,档
fumarate malate
GӺˮƻ
ƻø
ע,A,ƻø malate dehydrogenase,档
B,Ĵ NAD+ NADH+H+ 3 ATP
malate oxaloacetate
Hƻɲ
ѭ
Citrate synthase
ѭӦܷʽΪ,
CH3CO ~ SCoA HSCoA
3NAD+ 3NADH+H+
FAD FADH2
GDP + Pi GTP
2H2O 2CO2
, CoA
Ὺʼ⡢
ɲĹ̳Ϊ
ѭֳΪ ѭ
Krebsѭ
2.3.2
2.3.3 ص,
Aϸڶλ
Bø,3
C̲
D룬 4 ԭ
4 2
12
E,TACһ,
, ATP
FᾭͪȻƻ
ز
ø
?-ͪøϵ
ø
2.3.4 ,
AӪʵմлͨ·
ĽΡ
BΪữṩԭ
NADH + H+ FADH2
CΪϳɴлṩСǰ塣
,a-ͪϳɷDZ谱
ᣬø Aϳɵ̴֬
ᣬ긨ø AϳѪصȣ
Dǡ֬лϵŦ
ɵ ATP
Ӧ ø ATP
һ
6- -1
6- 1,6-˫ -1
2*3-ȩ 3*2
2*1,3- NAD+ 2*2
2*1,3- 2*3- 1*2
2*ϩʽͪ 2*ͪ 1*2
ڶ
2*ͪ 2*ø A NAD+ 3*2
2* 2*a-ͪ NAD+ 3*2
2* a-ͪ 2*ø A NAD+ 3*2
2*ø A 2* 1*2
2* 2*Ӻ FAD 2*2
2*ƻ 2* NAD+ 3*2
38 36 ATP
ġĵ
ǽͽ;ĵ
ͪøĵ
ѭĵ
ε
4.1 ͪøĵ
(C)
(C)
(C)
Ca2+
(+)
(+)
4.1.1 乹
ADP
(AMP)
ATP
TAC
NAD+ NADH+H+
ͪø
ͪ ø A
HSCoA
(+)
(+)
NADH
NAD+
ø A
HSCoA
ATP
ADP
ͪ
ø
2Pi 2H2O
ø
2ATP 2ADP
ø
ADP,NAD+ CoA,NADH
- +
+
Ca2+ ȵ
TPP
TPP
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
TPP
TPP
CH2 O
CH2 O
P
P
4.1.2
4.2 ѭĵ
ϳø
ø
a-ͪø
*
*
ѭ
A,NADH/NAD+,
B,ATP/ADP,
NADH/NAD+ TAC
NADH/NAD+ TAC
ATP/ADP TAC
ATP/ADP TAC
C,Ca2+Ũ,[Ca2+] TAC
Dữ,
ữ TAC
E,
塢˹ЧӦ
---Pastuer effect
ʱǵ
ͽΪ˹ЧӦ
ǽͽıȽ
ǽͽ
Ӧ ȱ
вλ Һ Һ
ø 3 7
,2 A T P C O 2 + H 2 O,
3 8 ( 3 6 ) A T P
ʽ
ˮƽữ ữ +
ˮƽữ
ѸٹܣijЩ
֯
ȡ
Ҫʽ
Ľ
;
Part 4 Pentose phosphate pathway,PPP
;Ĵлſ
6- 6- 3- ͪ CO2
ȩ ø A H2O
תƷӦ
Ӧ
NADPH+
H+,CO2
һ;ĸ
ָ 6-ǾӦ
NADPH,CO2 5-ǣپ
תƷӦ 6-Ǻ 3-
ȩǽͽ;Ĺ̳Ϊ
;Ҫܲ ATP
5-Ǻ NADPH
ֳΪ·
pentose phosphate shunt
;ķӦ
------Ϊ 2
2.1 һ ǵɣӦ
6- 5-
(2NADPH+CO2)
2.2 ڶ תƷӦӦ
5-ͨһϵл
תƷӦ 6-Ǻ 3-
ȩ½ǽͽ;
H-C-OH C=O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
HO-C-H O HO-C-H O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C H-C
CH2O - P CH2O - P
6-ø
NADP+ NADPH+H+
6-
Glucose 6-phosphate
6-
6-Phosphoglucono-?-lactone
(Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
һ
C=O COOC
H-C-OH H-C-OH
HO-C-H O HO-C-H
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C H-C-OH
CH2O - P CH2O - P
ø lactonase
H2O
6-
6-Phosphoglucono-?-lactone
6-
6-Phosphogluconate
COOC
H-C-OH CH2OH
HO-C-H C=O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2O - P CH2O - P
6-ø
NADP+ NADPH+H+
6-
6-Phosphogluconate
5-ͪ
Ribulose-5-phosphate
CO2
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
CH2OH CH2OH CHO
C=O C=O H-C-OH
HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2O - P CH2O - P CH2O - P
5-ͪ
Ribulose 5-phosphate
5-ľͪ
Xylulose 5-phosphate
5-
Ribose 5-phosphate
칹ø 칹ø
ڶ
Xylulose 5-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate
Transketolase
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
7-ᾰ
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
3-ȩ
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
תȩø
Transaldolase
4-
Erythrose 4-phosphate
6-
Fructose 6-phosphate
4-
Erythrose 4-phosphate
5-ľͪ
Xylulose 5-phosphate
תͪø
Transketolase
6-
Fructose 6-phosphate
3-ȩ
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
;
һ
6- × 3
6- × 3
6- × 3
5-ͪ × 3
5-
3NADP+
3NADP+3H+ 6-ø
3NADP+
3NADP+3H+
6-ø
5-ľͪ 5-ľͪ
7-ᾰ 3-ȩ
4- 6-
6-
3-
ȩ
;ص
A֯λΡ١֬
֯Ƥʡϸȡ
BϸڶλҺ
Cø,6-ø
DתƷӦ棬 5-ǵ
һ;
ġ;ĵ
PPPøΪ,6-ø
Ҫ NADPH / NADP+Ӱ,
NADPH/NADP+ PPP
NADPH/NADP+ PPP
塢;
A 5-,Ϊἰ
ϳṩԭϡ
Bṩ NADPHΪл
5-ǵԴ,
a 6-ɡ
b 6-Ǻ 3-ȩ
ͨתƷӦɡ
NADPH,
aΪںϳɴлĹ壬絨̴,
֬ĺϳɡ
bǻӦ絨̴̴
غ͵֭ĺϳɣԼת Bio-
transformation еǻӦ
cάֹĵĻԭ״̬
Glutathione
Glu-Cys-Glyɵ
G-SH G-S-S-G
ԭͣ ͣ
GSHĿ,
ϻϻøܹ
ϸĤȶԡ
,ҩѪƶѪ
,϶
ԭĺϳֽ
Glycogen synthesis and degredation
Aǵʽ
ǵʽԭ
BԭάѪˮƽ
ԭṩ
CҪʽ֬
Dԭṹ,
Eԭϳɺͷֽĸſ,
һԭĺϳɴл
1.1,ԭϳɡĸ,
ɵǣǣϳԭ
̳Ϊԭϳ Glycogenesis
1.2 ԭϳɵĻ
Hexokinase muscle)
Glucokinase liver
A,Glucose Glucose 6-
phosphate
ATP ADP
Mg 2+
Phosphoglucomutase
B,Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose 1-
phosphate
ն
( uridine diphosphate glucose,UDPG )
* UDPG GluĻʽΪϳԭʱ GluĹ
+
UTP
Pi Pi Pi
O H
OH
OH
H OH
H
O
H
CH2 OH
H
1-
Pi
O H
OH
OH H OH
H
O
H
CH2OH
H
Pi Pi
PPi
UDPGữø
C,
D,
UDPG + Glycogen(Gn) UDP + Glycogen(G n+1)
ע,
aԭϣɣø Glycogen synthase,ø
bΪԭĺϳɲ 1ǿʼҪСԭ
GnΪ Primer,Сԭϳɴԭ,
ӦСԭķǻԭ˽С
d,UDP + ATP UTP + ADP
UTP + G-1-P UDPG + PPi
c֧γɣ֧ø Branching enzyme
֧
ø
-1,4-ռ
(branching enzyme)
-1,6-ռ
1.3 ԭϳɵص
A֯λΡ⣨
2
BϸڶλҺ
Cøԭϣɣø
DӦг ATP⣬Ҫ UTP
Eԭÿһǣ
ATP
ԭķֽл
2.1,ԭֽ⡱ĸ,
ָԭֽΪǵĹ
Ϊԭֽ Glycogenolysis)
2.2 ԭֽĻ
A,Glycogen(Gn) + H3PO4 Glycogen(Gn-1) + G-1-
P
ע,
aԭữø Glycogen phosphorylase,ø
b棬ϸ [H3PO4] ? [G-1-P]ʷ
Ӧ G-1-PķС
c֧ø (Debranching enzyme)ȥ֧Ͼ
תø a-1,6ø
dղ,1- 85%, 15%
ø
Ͼתø
-1,6- ø
֦ø
(debranching enzyme)
֧ø
B,Glucose 1-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose 6-phosphatase
ע,
a -6-øֻڸΡУʼԭ
ֽΪǽѪҺֻܽǽͽ;
bɵ 6-ǿɷֽΪǽѪҺά
Ѫǣɽǽͽ;;л
H2O H3PO4
C,Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose
2.3 ԭֽص
A֯λ
BϸڶλҺ
Cøԭữø
6-ǵĴлſ
Glucose 6-phosphate
6-Phosphogluconate
Glucose 1-phosphate
Fructose 6-
phosphate Glucose
ԭ
Pi
ữø
-6-øΣ
UDPGữø
G-1-P UTP
UDPG
PPi
ԭ n+1 UDP
G-6-P Glu
ԭϳø
DZλø
( )ø
ԭϳֽĵ
ڶ,
øԭøԭϳɣ
ԭữøԭֽ⣩
ڷʽ,
Σữȥữ
𣨱䣩
3.1 ữø
AΣữȥữ,
ữø a p ữø b
ø -1
Protein phosphatase-1
ữø bø
Phosphorylase kinase
H3PO4 H2O
ATP ADP
ữø bø p ữø bø
ø -1
Protein phosphatase-1
ø A
Protein kinase A
лԣ
H3PO4 H2O
ATP ADP
ø A
Protein kinase A
ԣ
cAMP
ATP
ỷø AC
Ŵϵͳ
Cascade system
ͨһϵøٷӦ
źŷŴӦΪ
ϵͳ
B𣨱䣩
------Ƽ
Ѫ ǽϸ
ữø aϲʹ֮ṹ
ı ¶ữλ
ø -1ˮ
ữøʧ
3.2 ԭø
Σữȥữ,
ԭø b p ԭø a
ø -1
Protein phosphatase-1
ø A лԣ
Protein kinase A
H3PO4 H
2O
ATP ADP
ø A ԣ
Protein kinase A
cAMP ATP
ỷø AC
ջø
ԣ
ջøлԣ
أȸѪءصȣ +
ATP cAMP
Aø
( )
Aø
(л )
ữø bø
ữø bø -Pi
ԭϳø ԭϳø -Pi ữø b ữø a
Pi
ø -1
Pi Pi ø -1 ø -1
C
C C
øƼ -P
øƼ
Aøԣ
ԭлĵ
ữø a ữø b
G-6-P ATP [Ca++] AMP
ԭø
(+) (C)
(+)
(C)
(+)
ữø bø
(+)
嶯 ϸ [Ca++] ԭֽ
ϸ [ATP], [AMP]
ԭֽ, ԭϳ
ġԭۻ֢
Glycogen storage disease
4.1 ,
ȱԭлйصø
࣬ʹijЩ֯дԭ
ѻŴԴл
4.2
ͱ ȱݵø ܺ ԭṹ
I -6-ø Ρ
II ø -a-ø ֯
III a-1,6-ø Ρ ֧٣
IV ֧ø ֯ ֧٣
V ԭữø
VI ԭữø
VII Ǽø -1 ⡢ϸ
VIII ἤø ԡ
IX ữøø ΡǼ֯
X ø Ρ
Glyconeogenesis
һĸ
ɷʣᡢ͡
ǰᣩתΪǻԭ
̳Ϊ
ķӦ
2.1 ;
Gluconeogenic pathway
ɱͪǵľ巴Ӧ̳
Ϊ;
2.2 ʵ
** ;
ͪ ϩʽͪ
1,6-˫ 6-
6-
A,ͪ ϩʽͪ
COOC COOC COOC O
C=O C=O C--O--P--OC
CH3 CH2 CH2 OC
COOH
ͪ ϩʽͪ
Pyruvate Oxaloacetate Phosphoenolpyruvate
ATP
CO2 ADP+Pi GTP
GDP
CO2
ע,a, 2 ATPӡ
b,ͪȻø Pyruvate carboxylase,
ϩʽͪȼø Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Ϊøǰ߽壬ߴͰҺ
Pyruvate Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
A
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Malate
NADH+H+ NAD+
Aspartic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Malate Oxaloacetate
NAD+ NADH+H+
Aspartic acid
B B
C
D
C
D
mitochondrion cytoplasm
A,pyruvate carboxylase B,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C,malate dehydrogenase D,GPT
B,
1,6-˫ 6-
C,
6-
6-Ǽø -1 ATP ADP
˫ø -1
H2O H3PO4
Ǽø
Ǽø ATP ADP
H2O H3PO4 6-ø
˫ø -1,Fructose biphosphatase-1Ϊø
6-ø,Glucose 6-phosphataseΪø
2.2 ʵ
A ͪᣨø
Bǰ,
a ͪᣨ GPT
bȰȰ -ͪ ƻ
ϩʽ
c춬춬
ϩʽ
Cͣ - DZͪ
Ȱ
-ͪ
ص
A֯λΣ 90% 10%
BϸڶλҺ
CøͪȻøϩʽ
ͪȼø˫ø -1,
-6-ø
Dԭϣ͡ᡢǰᣨ
ᡢ춬ᡢȰȣ
ѭ
Ļ䷴Ӧֱɲͬ
ø䵥Ӧֻѭ֮
Ϊѭ Substrate cycle ø
ȣܽлǰ
ATPֽͷѭ
ֳΪЧѭ Futile cycle
ġĵ
ǽͽ;;ĵ
Ҫѭ֮,
4.1 6- 1,6-˫
4.2 ϩʽͪ ͪ
A
6-Ǽø -2
6- 2,6-˫
6-Ǽø -2 6-Ǽø -2- P
лԣ ԣ
ø Aԣ ø Aлԣ
ATP cAMP 5-AMP
AC( )
AC(л ) ø
ø
ȵ
(+) ȸѪ (+)
B
A
ͪȻø
( )
(C)
ȸѪ
B,
ͪἤøữʧ ǽͽ
յϩʽͪȼø
ȵصȸѪ෴
塢
AάѪŨȵĺ㶨
ʱԭҪڸͺͰ
˶ʱԭҪ
Bԭ
̼;ȷֽɱͪᡢ
̼ԭĹ̡
NH3+H+ NH4+ ų
Cƽ
Gln Glu -ͪ Glucose
ѭ
---Lactic acid cycle
6.1 ,
ڼǾǽͽ,
ᾭѪҺ˵࣬ཫ
ǡѪҺֱ
ȡִлѭ;Ϊѭ,
ֳ Cori ѭ
;
ͪ
NADH
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
ͪ
;
ѪҺ
6.2 ,
6.3
Aֹѻɵж
Bʧ
߽
ѪǼ
һѪǵĸֵ
A,Ѫ Blood sugar,BS,
ָѪҺеĻԭǣҪָǡ
Bֵ,
ոѪ,3.89-6.11 mmol/L
70-110 mg/dL
--- ѧ
Ѫ
ʳ
ԭ ֽ
ֽ
CO2+H2O
ԭϳ Ρԭ
;
֬ࡢл
֬
ѪǵԴȥ·
Ѫˮƽĵ
3.1 ȵ Insulin
------ýѪǽ
Aٽ⡢֬֯ϸȡǡ
Bǿøԣٽԭϳ,
ԭֽ⡣
CͪøϵǷֽл
DƸ
E֬Աǵ
3.2 ȸѪ Glucagon
------ýѪ
AԭøӶԭϳɣ
ԭữøٸԭֽ⡣
B 6-Ǽø -2˫
ø -2Ӷǽͽ⣬
C,ϩʽͪȼø
D֬ԱӶǵá
3.3 Ƥʼ
Aٽ⵰ʷֽ⣬ϩʽ
ͪȼøԣӶ
BƸ֯ǵá
CЭͬأٽ֬Ա
3.4 Adrenalin
ữøӸΡԭֽ⡣
------ýѪ
------ýѪ
Ӧ£
ڴһϸĵǴ
лĻƣһʳǺѪ
ˮƽִIJͳߣ
Ǿкܴ
Ϊֳ
ٴ϶Ǵлϰؼϡ
Glucose tolerence
4.2 Ѫ Hypoglycemia
AѪǣոѪ 3.33-3.89mM
BѪݿˡ
Cԭ,
ԣȵ -ϸ
ԣιܲȫ
ڷ쳣 Ƥʹܵ£
ܽʳ
½ !
End of Chapter 5
ʴлϳɴлֽл
лܡܣ
лڣƽ⡢ʧ⣩
л
л
;
֯λ
ϸڶλ
ø
ATP
乹
ε
ص
м
ղ
ø
Ļ
л,ˮƽ⡢δл
лл,Ǵл֬л,
лл
л
л
Chapter 5 Carbohydrate
Metabolism
Ҫ
ǵֽ
ǵ
;
ԭĺϳֽ
Ѫ
һ
һǵĸ༰ṹ
1.1 ,һǻȩȩǣ
ͪͪǣ
1.2 ༰ṹ,
A Monosaccharides
B˫ Disaccharides
C Oligosaccharides
D Polysaccharides
ʽ
,ȩ Glyceraldehyde
DZͪ Dihydroxyacetone
, Erythrose
, Ribose
Deoxyribose
, Glucose,Glc
Fructose,Fru
Galactose,Gal
, Sedoheptulose
Monosaccharides
H-C=O CH2OH
H-C-OH C=O
CH2OH CH2OH
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde
CHO CHO
HCOH CH2
HCOH HCOH
HCOH HCOH
CH2OH CH2OH
Deoxyribose Ribose
CHO CH2OH CHO
HCOH C=O HCOH
HOCH HOCH HOCH
HCOH HCOH HOCH
HCOH HCOH HCOH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
Galactose
Gal
Fructose
Fru
Glucose
Glc
Sucrose, +
ѿ Maltose, +
Lactose, +
˫ Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides, 3-10
ĹѾǣҪǵ֬
Polysaccharides,
Starch, ֲٻ֧,
-1,4(6)-ռ
ԭ Glycogen, ֧
ǵʽ, -1,4(6)-ռ
ά Cellulose, ֲ֧,
-1,4-ռ
ԭ
άؽṹ,-1,4 - ռ
ǵ
A
Bǹ֯ṹҪɷ
CǻҪ̼Դ
DǵγҪ
ʣ,ATP,FAD,NAD+
EܣźŴʶ𡢼
ءø ---ǵ
ǵ
3.1 ԴԴԡԴ
ǣֲۡԭά
ǣǡ
ǣǡǡ
3.2 ,
ѿ
ѿ
ѿ
-ٽ
ǡ ǡǡ
DNA,RNA ǡ
Һø
ȵø
ѿø
ø
ѿø
ٽø
øø
DNAø,RNAø
3.3 ,
λ,СճĤƤϸ
ʽ,ԡǡʽ
,ɢ
ǣǣת
Na+ ת
Na+ -dependent glucose transporter (SGLT)
G
Na+
G
Na+
Na+
K+ K+
СճĤϸ
ǻ
Na+
G G
Na+ Na+
G
ġڵĶֲ̬
4.1 С
Aϳɸԭ̣ԭֽ⣩
BתΪʣ̣
Cֽ
DͷѪ
4.2 ֯ϸ
Aֽ
Bϳɼԭ ֽܷΪǣ
CתΪ (֯ )
ǽϸת Glucose Transporter GLUT1-5
塢Ǵлĸſ
ԭ
ԭ
ԭ
ǽͽ;
;
ǵ
;
A B
D
C
E
F
ͪ ø A
CO2+H2O
ڶ
⣩
һǽͽĸ
A,ǽͽ Glycolysis,
ȱ£
Lactate Ĺ̳Ϊǽͽ⡣
B,ǽͽ; Glycolytic pathway,
ǽͽĵһΣǷֽΪ
ͪ Pyruvate Ĺ̳Ϊǽͽ;
ǽͽķӦ
---Ϊ 2
2.1 ǽͽ; Glycolytic pathway
Glucose ͪ Pyruvate
10Ӧ,10øȱС
2.2 ͪỹԭΪ
ͪ Pyruvate Lactate
ֻȱʱУʱͪ
A,ữΪ 6-
O
CH2 HO
H
OH OH
H OH
H OH
H
H
ATP ADP Mg2+
Ǽø
O H
OH OH
H OH
H OH
H
O CH2
H
6-
P
(glucose) ( glucose 6-phosphate,G-6-P )
ע,
bø -ATP,Mg++
c桢Ϊؼøøܼصء
dữDzϸĤݳϸ
aǼø hexokinase, I-IV,
ϸΪ IVֳͣǼø glucokinase
ǰ KmֵСԲ
壺 GlcŨȽϵʱϸ Glc
B,6-תΪ 6-
Ἲ칹ø
H OH
H OH
OH HO
CH2OH CH2 O
6-
O P
H
OH
H OH
OH H
HO
H H
CH2 O
6-
O
P
( glucose 6-phosphate,G-6-P ) ( fructose 6-phosphate,F-6-P )
ע,
aἺ칹ø phosphoglucoisomerase
bȩǡͪͬ칹廥䣬 Mg++롣
c档
C,6-תΪ 1,6-˫
ATP ADP
Mg2+
6-Ǽø -1
H OH
H OH
OH HO
CH2 CH2 O
1,6-˫
O O P P
H OH
H OH
OH HO
CH2OH CH2 O
6-
O
P
( fructose 1,6-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P ) ( fructose 6-phosphate,F-6-P )
ע,
a,6-Ǽø -1
6-phosphofructo-kinase-1
bø -ATP,Mg++
c桢Ϊؼøøɽ
ڡ
DἺѽ 2
DZͪ
3-ȩ
+
C
CH2OH
CH2 O
O
P
CH OH
CH2 O
CHO
P
ȩø
HO
1,6-˫
C
C
C
C
CH2O
CH2O
O
H
O H
OH
H
H
P
P
( fructose 1,6-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P )
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate
ע,
aȩø aldolase
b档
cһӶἺѽǡ
Eǵͬ칹
DZͪ 3-ȩ
C
CH2OH
CH2 O
O
P
CH OH
CH2 O
CHO
P 칹ø
dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
ע,
a칹ø
Triose phosphate isomerase
b档
cͬ칹Ļ䡣
d 3-ȩϴлģӦ
3-ȩԺķӦ
Ϊ 2ӡ
F,3-ȩΪ 1,3-
1,3-
Pi,NAD+ NADH+H+
3-ȩø
3-ȩ
CH OH
CH2 O
CHO
P
CH OH
CH2 O
C O= O
P
P
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
ע,
aȩø
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
b档
c,NAD+Ϊ壬ԭ
ڱͪỹԭɾ
ữ
dγɸ
G,1,3- תΪ 3-
1,3 -
CH OH
CH2 O
C O= O P
P
ADP ATP
ἤø
3-
CH OH
CH2 O
COOH
P
1,3-biphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate
ע,
aἤø Phosphoglycerate kinase
b档
cˮƽữ Substrate level phosphorylation
ADPնữ
ֱżķӦ̳Ϊ
ˮƽữ
dܹ̣ 1*2 ATP
H,3- תΪ 2-
2- 3-
CH OH
CH2 O
COOH
P
CH
OH CH2
O
COOH
P λø
2-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate mutase
I,2-תΪϩʽͪ
ϩʽͪ
+ H2O
2-
CH
OH CH2
O
COOH
P C
CH2
O
COOH
P
ϩø
2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate PEP
aϩø Enolase
b档
cˮڲ,
·ֲγɸΪ
һӦ
ע,
Jϩʽͪת ATPͱͪ
C=O
CH3
ͪ
COOH
ADP ATP K+ Mg+
ͪἤø
C
CH2
O
COOH
P
ϩʽͪ
pyruvate phosphoenolpyruvate PEP
ע,
ɡǽͽ;
aͪἤø Pyruvate kinase, Mg++,K+
b棬ø
cڶεˮƽữ 1*2ATP
Kͪת,
C=O
CH3
ͪ
COOH
CHOH
CH3
COOH
ø
NADH + H+ NAD+
pyruvate lactate
ע,
aø Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH
b档
c,2H 3-ȩ⡣
ɡǽͽ⡱ọ̈̄ 2 ATP
E1:Ǽø
E2,6-Ǽø -1
E3,ͪἤø
л
;
Glu G-6-P F-6-P 1,6 C PF
ATP ADP ATP ADP
NAD+
1,3-
3-
2-
ͪ
DZͪ 3-ȩ
NAD+
NADH+H+
ADP
ATP
ADP ATP
ϩʽͪ
E2 E1
E3
NADH+H+
ǽͽص
AϸڶλҺ
Bø,3
Cɣ 2 ATPӡ
δȫͷţỹͨ
ѭã
D
EǽͽɴǿʼҲɴԭ
ǵλʼɴӹǡǿʼ
ġǽͽĵ
ؼø
Ǽø
6-Ǽø -1
ͪἤø
ڷʽ
ε
6-
ø-
2
AMP,ADP
ATP,ᣨŨȣ
(+)
(+)
(C)
4.1 6-Ǽø -1,
4.1.1
2,6-˫
6-Ǽø -1
ATP ADP
6- 1,6-˫
(+)
ע,
AƼ,ATPᡣ
ATPڴøжϲλ,
a,ĵϲλŨʱ
b,ڲλŨʱ
B,
AMP,ADP,1,6-˫ǣ
2,6-˫
+ AMP
_
2,6-˫ǵĺϳɺͷֽ
2,6-˫ǵı乹
Pi
H2O
˫
ø -2
6-
2,6-˫
ATP
ADP
6-
Ǽø -2
øԣ
6-Ǽø -2 6 - Ǽø - 2
ȸѪ CAMP
ATP
P i ø
(ø )
PKA
P
4.1.2 ε
4.2 ͪἤø
A,,
,1,6-˫
Ƽ,ATP ( )
B,Σữʧ
4.3 ǼøǼø
֬ø Aıã
ټʱȶǵȡ
塢ǽͽ
ṩ,
AڼѸٹ,
Bȱ¹,
ԭȱķιܲȫʱȱ
CЩ֯ʹȱʱҲǽͽ
ṩȫ,
ϸϸ衣
D,ʸ, 50%
һĸ
³
ˮͶ̼ͷŴ
̳Ϊǵ
ſ
6-
ͪ ͪ CoA
ѭ
H+ + e
O2 O2 O2 H2O
CO2
Һ
ķӦ
---Ϊ 3
2.2 ͪ 壩
ͪ Pyruvate CoA Acetyl CoA
2.1 ǽͽ;Һ
Glucose ͪ Pyruvate
2.3 ѭữ壩
CoA Acetyl CoA CO2+H2O+ATP
2.2 ͪ壬
2.2.1 Ӧʽ
2.2.2 øø
2.2.3 û
2.2.4 ص
2.2.1 Ӧʽ,
COOH
C=O
CH3 CH3
ͪ ø A
Pyruvate Acetyl CoA
NAD+ NADH+H+
CO2 HSCoA,TPP,FAD
ͪø
CO~SCoA
2.2.2 øø,
Bø
a TPP E1ά B1
b FAD E3ά B2
c NAD+ E3ά PP
d HSCoAᣩ
eᣨ E2
Aͪø
aø E1,12
bתø E2,60
cø E3,6
2.2.3
û
2.2.4 ص
A 2H NAD+,3ATP
Bȣ C3 C2
Cø
D
2.3 ѭ
Tricarboxylic acid cycle,
TAC,TCA cycle
ֳ,ѭ
Citric acid cycle
Krebs ѭ
Krebs cycle
2.3.1 Ӧ
2.3.2
2.3.3 ص
2.3.4
ϳø
2.3.1 ѭķӦ
oxaloacetate
acetyl CoA
citrate HSCoA
Aγ
ע,
Aϳø citrate synthase,ؼø
BӦ棬ڰҺеѽø
£ɽѽΪø A
C,C2+C4 C6ʵʽ TAC
˳ͷø ˳ͷø
˳ͷø Aconitase,档
citrate isocitrate
Bγ
ø
isocitrate a- ketoglutarate
Cһ
ע,
Aø isocitrate dehydrogenase,
ؼø
Bһ⣨ NAD+ NADH+H+
3 ATP
Cһȣ C6 C5+CO2
D棬 Mn++,Mg++
-ͪø
a- ketoglutarate succinyl - CoA
Dڶ
ע,
A,-ͪø
a- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
ؼø棬Ʊͪø塣
Bڶ⣨ NAD+ NADH+H+
3 ATP
Cڶȣ C5 C4 +CO2
DΪһˮƽữ
ø Aϳø
succinyl - CoA succinate
Eˮƽữ
ע,
Aø Aϳø succinyl-CoA synthetase,
档
Bˮƽữ 1 ATP
ѭΨһһεˮƽữ
ø
succinate fumarate
ע,A,ø succinate dehydrogenase,档
B, FAD FADH2 2 ATP
FӺ
Ӻø
Ӻø fumarase,档
fumarate malate
GӺˮƻ
ƻø
ע,A,ƻø malate dehydrogenase,档
B,Ĵ NAD+ NADH+H+ 3 ATP
malate oxaloacetate
Hƻɲ
ѭ
Citrate synthase
ѭӦܷʽΪ,
CH3CO ~ SCoA HSCoA
3NAD+ 3NADH+H+
FAD FADH2
GDP + Pi GTP
2H2O 2CO2
, CoA
Ὺʼ⡢
ɲĹ̳Ϊ
ѭֳΪ ѭ
Krebsѭ
2.3.2
2.3.3 ص,
Aϸڶλ
Bø,3
C̲
D룬 4 ԭ
4 2
12
E,TACһ,
, ATP
FᾭͪȻƻ
ز
ø
?-ͪøϵ
ø
2.3.4 ,
AӪʵմлͨ·
ĽΡ
BΪữṩԭ
NADH + H+ FADH2
CΪϳɴлṩСǰ塣
,a-ͪϳɷDZ谱
ᣬø Aϳɵ̴֬
ᣬ긨ø AϳѪصȣ
Dǡ֬лϵŦ
ɵ ATP
Ӧ ø ATP
һ
6- -1
6- 1,6-˫ -1
2*3-ȩ 3*2
2*1,3- NAD+ 2*2
2*1,3- 2*3- 1*2
2*ϩʽͪ 2*ͪ 1*2
ڶ
2*ͪ 2*ø A NAD+ 3*2
2* 2*a-ͪ NAD+ 3*2
2* a-ͪ 2*ø A NAD+ 3*2
2*ø A 2* 1*2
2* 2*Ӻ FAD 2*2
2*ƻ 2* NAD+ 3*2
38 36 ATP
ġĵ
ǽͽ;ĵ
ͪøĵ
ѭĵ
ε
4.1 ͪøĵ
(C)
(C)
(C)
Ca2+
(+)
(+)
4.1.1 乹
ADP
(AMP)
ATP
TAC
NAD+ NADH+H+
ͪø
ͪ ø A
HSCoA
(+)
(+)
NADH
NAD+
ø A
HSCoA
ATP
ADP
ͪ
ø
2Pi 2H2O
ø
2ATP 2ADP
ø
ADP,NAD+ CoA,NADH
- +
+
Ca2+ ȵ
TPP
TPP
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
TPP
TPP
CH2 O
CH2 O
P
P
4.1.2
4.2 ѭĵ
ϳø
ø
a-ͪø
*
*
ѭ
A,NADH/NAD+,
B,ATP/ADP,
NADH/NAD+ TAC
NADH/NAD+ TAC
ATP/ADP TAC
ATP/ADP TAC
C,Ca2+Ũ,[Ca2+] TAC
Dữ,
ữ TAC
E,
塢˹ЧӦ
---Pastuer effect
ʱǵ
ͽΪ˹ЧӦ
ǽͽıȽ
ǽͽ
Ӧ ȱ
вλ Һ Һ
ø 3 7
,2 A T P C O 2 + H 2 O,
3 8 ( 3 6 ) A T P
ʽ
ˮƽữ ữ +
ˮƽữ
ѸٹܣijЩ
֯
ȡ
Ҫʽ
Ľ
;
Part 4 Pentose phosphate pathway,PPP
;Ĵлſ
6- 6- 3- ͪ CO2
ȩ ø A H2O
תƷӦ
Ӧ
NADPH+
H+,CO2
һ;ĸ
ָ 6-ǾӦ
NADPH,CO2 5-ǣپ
תƷӦ 6-Ǻ 3-
ȩǽͽ;Ĺ̳Ϊ
;Ҫܲ ATP
5-Ǻ NADPH
ֳΪ·
pentose phosphate shunt
;ķӦ
------Ϊ 2
2.1 һ ǵɣӦ
6- 5-
(2NADPH+CO2)
2.2 ڶ תƷӦӦ
5-ͨһϵл
תƷӦ 6-Ǻ 3-
ȩ½ǽͽ;
H-C-OH C=O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
HO-C-H O HO-C-H O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C H-C
CH2O - P CH2O - P
6-ø
NADP+ NADPH+H+
6-
Glucose 6-phosphate
6-
6-Phosphoglucono-?-lactone
(Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
һ
C=O COOC
H-C-OH H-C-OH
HO-C-H O HO-C-H
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C H-C-OH
CH2O - P CH2O - P
ø lactonase
H2O
6-
6-Phosphoglucono-?-lactone
6-
6-Phosphogluconate
COOC
H-C-OH CH2OH
HO-C-H C=O
H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2O - P CH2O - P
6-ø
NADP+ NADPH+H+
6-
6-Phosphogluconate
5-ͪ
Ribulose-5-phosphate
CO2
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
CH2OH CH2OH CHO
C=O C=O H-C-OH
HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH
H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH2O - P CH2O - P CH2O - P
5-ͪ
Ribulose 5-phosphate
5-ľͪ
Xylulose 5-phosphate
5-
Ribose 5-phosphate
칹ø 칹ø
ڶ
Xylulose 5-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate
Transketolase
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
7-ᾰ
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
3-ȩ
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
תȩø
Transaldolase
4-
Erythrose 4-phosphate
6-
Fructose 6-phosphate
4-
Erythrose 4-phosphate
5-ľͪ
Xylulose 5-phosphate
תͪø
Transketolase
6-
Fructose 6-phosphate
3-ȩ
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
;
һ
6- × 3
6- × 3
6- × 3
5-ͪ × 3
5-
3NADP+
3NADP+3H+ 6-ø
3NADP+
3NADP+3H+
6-ø
5-ľͪ 5-ľͪ
7-ᾰ 3-ȩ
4- 6-
6-
3-
ȩ
;ص
A֯λΡ١֬
֯Ƥʡϸȡ
BϸڶλҺ
Cø,6-ø
DתƷӦ棬 5-ǵ
һ;
ġ;ĵ
PPPøΪ,6-ø
Ҫ NADPH / NADP+Ӱ,
NADPH/NADP+ PPP
NADPH/NADP+ PPP
塢;
A 5-,Ϊἰ
ϳṩԭϡ
Bṩ NADPHΪл
5-ǵԴ,
a 6-ɡ
b 6-Ǻ 3-ȩ
ͨתƷӦɡ
NADPH,
aΪںϳɴлĹ壬絨̴,
֬ĺϳɡ
bǻӦ絨̴̴
غ͵֭ĺϳɣԼת Bio-
transformation еǻӦ
cάֹĵĻԭ״̬
Glutathione
Glu-Cys-Glyɵ
G-SH G-S-S-G
ԭͣ ͣ
GSHĿ,
ϻϻøܹ
ϸĤȶԡ
,ҩѪƶѪ
,϶
ԭĺϳֽ
Glycogen synthesis and degredation
Aǵʽ
ǵʽԭ
BԭάѪˮƽ
ԭṩ
CҪʽ֬
Dԭṹ,
Eԭϳɺͷֽĸſ,
һԭĺϳɴл
1.1,ԭϳɡĸ,
ɵǣǣϳԭ
̳Ϊԭϳ Glycogenesis
1.2 ԭϳɵĻ
Hexokinase muscle)
Glucokinase liver
A,Glucose Glucose 6-
phosphate
ATP ADP
Mg 2+
Phosphoglucomutase
B,Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose 1-
phosphate
ն
( uridine diphosphate glucose,UDPG )
* UDPG GluĻʽΪϳԭʱ GluĹ
+
UTP
Pi Pi Pi
O H
OH
OH
H OH
H
O
H
CH2 OH
H
1-
Pi
O H
OH
OH H OH
H
O
H
CH2OH
H
Pi Pi
PPi
UDPGữø
C,
D,
UDPG + Glycogen(Gn) UDP + Glycogen(G n+1)
ע,
aԭϣɣø Glycogen synthase,ø
bΪԭĺϳɲ 1ǿʼҪСԭ
GnΪ Primer,Сԭϳɴԭ,
ӦСԭķǻԭ˽С
d,UDP + ATP UTP + ADP
UTP + G-1-P UDPG + PPi
c֧γɣ֧ø Branching enzyme
֧
ø
-1,4-ռ
(branching enzyme)
-1,6-ռ
1.3 ԭϳɵص
A֯λΡ⣨
2
BϸڶλҺ
Cøԭϣɣø
DӦг ATP⣬Ҫ UTP
Eԭÿһǣ
ATP
ԭķֽл
2.1,ԭֽ⡱ĸ,
ָԭֽΪǵĹ
Ϊԭֽ Glycogenolysis)
2.2 ԭֽĻ
A,Glycogen(Gn) + H3PO4 Glycogen(Gn-1) + G-1-
P
ע,
aԭữø Glycogen phosphorylase,ø
b棬ϸ [H3PO4] ? [G-1-P]ʷ
Ӧ G-1-PķС
c֧ø (Debranching enzyme)ȥ֧Ͼ
תø a-1,6ø
dղ,1- 85%, 15%
ø
Ͼתø
-1,6- ø
֦ø
(debranching enzyme)
֧ø
B,Glucose 1-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose 6-phosphatase
ע,
a -6-øֻڸΡУʼԭ
ֽΪǽѪҺֻܽǽͽ;
bɵ 6-ǿɷֽΪǽѪҺά
Ѫǣɽǽͽ;;л
H2O H3PO4
C,Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose
2.3 ԭֽص
A֯λ
BϸڶλҺ
Cøԭữø
6-ǵĴлſ
Glucose 6-phosphate
6-Phosphogluconate
Glucose 1-phosphate
Fructose 6-
phosphate Glucose
ԭ
Pi
ữø
-6-øΣ
UDPGữø
G-1-P UTP
UDPG
PPi
ԭ n+1 UDP
G-6-P Glu
ԭϳø
DZλø
( )ø
ԭϳֽĵ
ڶ,
øԭøԭϳɣ
ԭữøԭֽ⣩
ڷʽ,
Σữȥữ
𣨱䣩
3.1 ữø
AΣữȥữ,
ữø a p ữø b
ø -1
Protein phosphatase-1
ữø bø
Phosphorylase kinase
H3PO4 H2O
ATP ADP
ữø bø p ữø bø
ø -1
Protein phosphatase-1
ø A
Protein kinase A
лԣ
H3PO4 H2O
ATP ADP
ø A
Protein kinase A
ԣ
cAMP
ATP
ỷø AC
Ŵϵͳ
Cascade system
ͨһϵøٷӦ
źŷŴӦΪ
ϵͳ
B𣨱䣩
------Ƽ
Ѫ ǽϸ
ữø aϲʹ֮ṹ
ı ¶ữλ
ø -1ˮ
ữøʧ
3.2 ԭø
Σữȥữ,
ԭø b p ԭø a
ø -1
Protein phosphatase-1
ø A лԣ
Protein kinase A
H3PO4 H
2O
ATP ADP
ø A ԣ
Protein kinase A
cAMP ATP
ỷø AC
ջø
ԣ
ջøлԣ
أȸѪءصȣ +
ATP cAMP
Aø
( )
Aø
(л )
ữø bø
ữø bø -Pi
ԭϳø ԭϳø -Pi ữø b ữø a
Pi
ø -1
Pi Pi ø -1 ø -1
C
C C
øƼ -P
øƼ
Aøԣ
ԭлĵ
ữø a ữø b
G-6-P ATP [Ca++] AMP
ԭø
(+) (C)
(+)
(C)
(+)
ữø bø
(+)
嶯 ϸ [Ca++] ԭֽ
ϸ [ATP], [AMP]
ԭֽ, ԭϳ
ġԭۻ֢
Glycogen storage disease
4.1 ,
ȱԭлйصø
࣬ʹijЩ֯дԭ
ѻŴԴл
4.2
ͱ ȱݵø ܺ ԭṹ
I -6-ø Ρ
II ø -a-ø ֯
III a-1,6-ø Ρ ֧٣
IV ֧ø ֯ ֧٣
V ԭữø
VI ԭữø
VII Ǽø -1 ⡢ϸ
VIII ἤø ԡ
IX ữøø ΡǼ֯
X ø Ρ
Glyconeogenesis
һĸ
ɷʣᡢ͡
ǰᣩתΪǻԭ
̳Ϊ
ķӦ
2.1 ;
Gluconeogenic pathway
ɱͪǵľ巴Ӧ̳
Ϊ;
2.2 ʵ
** ;
ͪ ϩʽͪ
1,6-˫ 6-
6-
A,ͪ ϩʽͪ
COOC COOC COOC O
C=O C=O C--O--P--OC
CH3 CH2 CH2 OC
COOH
ͪ ϩʽͪ
Pyruvate Oxaloacetate Phosphoenolpyruvate
ATP
CO2 ADP+Pi GTP
GDP
CO2
ע,a, 2 ATPӡ
b,ͪȻø Pyruvate carboxylase,
ϩʽͪȼø Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Ϊøǰ߽壬ߴͰҺ
Pyruvate Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
A
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Malate
NADH+H+ NAD+
Aspartic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Malate Oxaloacetate
NAD+ NADH+H+
Aspartic acid
B B
C
D
C
D
mitochondrion cytoplasm
A,pyruvate carboxylase B,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C,malate dehydrogenase D,GPT
B,
1,6-˫ 6-
C,
6-
6-Ǽø -1 ATP ADP
˫ø -1
H2O H3PO4
Ǽø
Ǽø ATP ADP
H2O H3PO4 6-ø
˫ø -1,Fructose biphosphatase-1Ϊø
6-ø,Glucose 6-phosphataseΪø
2.2 ʵ
A ͪᣨø
Bǰ,
a ͪᣨ GPT
bȰȰ -ͪ ƻ
ϩʽ
c춬춬
ϩʽ
Cͣ - DZͪ
Ȱ
-ͪ
ص
A֯λΣ 90% 10%
BϸڶλҺ
CøͪȻøϩʽ
ͪȼø˫ø -1,
-6-ø
Dԭϣ͡ᡢǰᣨ
ᡢ춬ᡢȰȣ
ѭ
Ļ䷴Ӧֱɲͬ
ø䵥Ӧֻѭ֮
Ϊѭ Substrate cycle ø
ȣܽлǰ
ATPֽͷѭ
ֳΪЧѭ Futile cycle
ġĵ
ǽͽ;;ĵ
Ҫѭ֮,
4.1 6- 1,6-˫
4.2 ϩʽͪ ͪ
A
6-Ǽø -2
6- 2,6-˫
6-Ǽø -2 6-Ǽø -2- P
лԣ ԣ
ø Aԣ ø Aлԣ
ATP cAMP 5-AMP
AC( )
AC(л ) ø
ø
ȵ
(+) ȸѪ (+)
B
A
ͪȻø
( )
(C)
ȸѪ
B,
ͪἤøữʧ ǽͽ
յϩʽͪȼø
ȵصȸѪ෴
塢
AάѪŨȵĺ㶨
ʱԭҪڸͺͰ
˶ʱԭҪ
Bԭ
̼;ȷֽɱͪᡢ
̼ԭĹ̡
NH3+H+ NH4+ ų
Cƽ
Gln Glu -ͪ Glucose
ѭ
---Lactic acid cycle
6.1 ,
ڼǾǽͽ,
ᾭѪҺ˵࣬ཫ
ǡѪҺֱ
ȡִлѭ;Ϊѭ,
ֳ Cori ѭ
;
ͪ
NADH
NAD+
NAD+
NADH
ͪ
;
ѪҺ
6.2 ,
6.3
Aֹѻɵж
Bʧ
߽
ѪǼ
һѪǵĸֵ
A,Ѫ Blood sugar,BS,
ָѪҺеĻԭǣҪָǡ
Bֵ,
ոѪ,3.89-6.11 mmol/L
70-110 mg/dL
--- ѧ
Ѫ
ʳ
ԭ ֽ
ֽ
CO2+H2O
ԭϳ Ρԭ
;
֬ࡢл
֬
ѪǵԴȥ·
Ѫˮƽĵ
3.1 ȵ Insulin
------ýѪǽ
Aٽ⡢֬֯ϸȡǡ
Bǿøԣٽԭϳ,
ԭֽ⡣
CͪøϵǷֽл
DƸ
E֬Աǵ
3.2 ȸѪ Glucagon
------ýѪ
AԭøӶԭϳɣ
ԭữøٸԭֽ⡣
B 6-Ǽø -2˫
ø -2Ӷǽͽ⣬
C,ϩʽͪȼø
D֬ԱӶǵá
3.3 Ƥʼ
Aٽ⵰ʷֽ⣬ϩʽ
ͪȼøԣӶ
BƸ֯ǵá
CЭͬأٽ֬Ա
3.4 Adrenalin
ữøӸΡԭֽ⡣
------ýѪ
------ýѪ
Ӧ£
ڴһϸĵǴ
лĻƣһʳǺѪ
ˮƽִIJͳߣ
Ǿкܴ
Ϊֳ
ٴ϶Ǵлϰؼϡ
Glucose tolerence
4.2 Ѫ Hypoglycemia
AѪǣոѪ 3.33-3.89mM
BѪݿˡ
Cԭ,
ԣȵ -ϸ
ԣιܲȫ
ڷ쳣 Ƥʹܵ£
ܽʳ
½ !
End of Chapter 5