ϢĴ
ķ (The Central Dogma)
ŴϢ DNAʵĴݹ
D N A R N A
ת ¼




R N A

ת ¼

Ҫ,
1,Ƶ
2,DNAƵøѧ
3,ƵĹ
4,DNA޸
5,ת¼
һ
Ƶ
1,뱣 (semiconservative replication)
ʱ״˫ DNA⿪
ȻΪģָϳµĻ
γɵӴ DNA״ DNA
˳ȫͬ ÿӴ DNA
еһ״һΪº
ɵ 뱣
뱣Ƶ
뱣ƷʽӴ DNA״
DNA һ,Ӵ״
ȫŴϢŴ
2,ʼ㡢ֹͷ
3,벻
ڶ
DNAƵøѧ
DNAƵϵ
,dNTP (dATP,dGTP, dCTP, dTTP)
ۺø (polymerase) DNA DNAۺø,
дΪ DNA-pol DDDP
ģ (template)⿪ɵ DNAĸ
(primer)ṩ 3-OHĩ˵ĹѺ᣻
ø͵
һ,DNAۺø
߻ dNTPۺϵϵø
DNAƵҪø
ȫƽ DNA DNAۺø DNA
dependent DNA polymerase DNAָ
DNAۺø DNA-directed DNA
polymeraseдΪ DDDP
(һ ) DNAۺø߻ķӦ
1,5 3ľۺϻ
߻ dNTPһһؽӵ DNA
ȥ
(dNMP)n + dNTP (dNMP) n+1 + PPi
ۺϷӦ,
5'
3'
O
P
G
O
P
A
ģ


C
T
A
3 '
5 '

3 '
3 '
5 '
5 '
O H
O
O H
T
P
ģ



3 '
5 '
P O
O H
T
PP
3 '
5 '
ۺϷӦص,
(1) Ե DNAΪģ
(2) dNTPΪԭ
(3) ṩ 3-OH
(4) ۺϷΪ 53
2.ø
35 ø,
гĺ
53 ø,
г
гͻƬ
C T T C A G G A
G A A G T C C G G C G
5 ' 3 '
3 ' 5 '
pyrophosphate
(PPi)
this becomes new 3 end
new
phosphodiester
bond
T T
A A A A G G
C C
G
C
G
U
OH
U
OH
G
A
A
OH
C
C
C
C oops!
5'
5'
3'
RNA primer
OH
C
DNA polymerase (5' -> 3' polymerase) (3' -> 5' xonuclease)
U
T
U
T
T T
A A A
A
A G G
G G
G
C
C C
C C
A
new DNA RNA primer
DNA polymerase (5' -> 3' exonuclease)
A
( ) DNAۺø
1,ԭ DNAۺø
pol-I pol-II pol-III
53 ۺø + + +
35 ø + + +
53 ø + C +

г
϶
޸ϳ
ƵҪø
DNA-pol I,
? һĴ
? Ϊø (replicase)
?
? ɱˮ Ƭ
C СƬ (N ) 53 øԣ
C Ƭ (C )оۺϻԺ 35
øԣҲΪ KlenowƬ,dzõ
ø
DNA-pol III,
? 10ǻɵIJԳƾۺ
? ߻Ч


? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
?
?
? ?
The model of DNA-pol III
? ? ? form the
catalytic core
? Links two cores
Leading strand
synthesis
Lagging strand
synthesis
? act as a clamp
Small fragment large fragment
Klenow fragment
5 ' 3 ' polymerization
3 ' 5 ' exonuclease
(ø )
5 ' 3 ' exonuclease
DNA pol I
J
H
B
2, DNAۺø
DNA-pol ? ӳ
DNA-pol ? û polʱ
DNA-pol ? ߻ DNAĸ
DNA-pol ? ӳͷ
DNA-pol ? У޸ȱ
( ) Ƶı (fidelity)
ֻ,
1,ϸļԹɣ
2,ۺøڸӳжԼѡܣ
DNA pol IIIڴ߻γ֮ǰɶԼ
ѡ񣻶 ʽʺ ׺˳ʽĴ
3,еļʱУܡ
ø
1,Helicaseø
2,topoisomerase I,II 칹ø
3,single stranded DNA binding protein,SSB
DNAϵף
(һ ) ø (helicase),
ģԸƵָڼ׼ȷ
ԣȴ˫ڲֻа
DNA⿪ɵģá
ø緢ֵ븴йصĵ
ʣʱΪ repס ATP
ܣ⿪ DNA˫
helicase
ATP
dnaA,B,C DnaA,B,C
ص׵Ļ,dna A,dna B
dna C dna X
Ӧıﵰ,Dna A,Dna B
Dna C Dna X
Dna Aϸʼλ
Dna Bø
Dna Cøʹʼ
ϲ˫
( ) DNAϵ (SSB),
SSBΪȶף HDP
ڴ󳦸˾ 177лɵ
ͬľ壬ϵ DNAĿԼ 32
ᵥλ
SSB⿪ DNAܽϣֹ
γ˫ܺø⡣ ڸ
άģ崦ڵ״̬
( ) DNA칹ø (topoisomerase),
,ָͼλֱ
岻ʡ
칹ø,һɸı DNA
ø DNAӵǼˮ⡢
ɳ DNA,
DNA
Negative supercoiling

Positive supercoiling

Normal DNA
TOPO
21/62
Helicase
칹ø I topo I,
? ԭΪ ?ס
? Ҫп DNA˫еһɣʹ
DNAתв,DNAΪɳ
״̬ٷпڡ ֳ иø
칹ø II topo II,
? ԭֽתø (gyrase)
? ATPʱ,൱ Topo,и
˫ DNAijһλ (˫ )
ATPʱ,ʹϿڡɳ״ DNA
תɸṹӶ϶ˡ
ٴʹõijЩҩϲ
Ҳ߰ȣͨ Topoø ɱ
ϸġ
ø
ø (primase),
? DNA RNAۺø
? ߻ RNAĺϳɡ
? ڴ󳦸˾ø dna GIJ
RNA,
DNAģĸʼλø
NTPľۺϣγɶƬε RNAΪ DNA
ۺṩ 3-OHĩˡ
(primosome),
? Dna B,Dna A,Dna CԼ
һγɸ壬ٽøγ
ϴľۺ壬ϵģ DNAϡ
? ƿʼʱν⿪˫,
ø߻ĺϳɡ
DnaA
Primosome( ),helicase, DnaC
primase and initiative region of replication,
5 3
3 5 primase
DnaC
primosome
helicase
,DNAø DNA ligase
DNA 3?-OHĩ DNA 5?-P
ĩ,γӶڵ
DNAӳӦҪ ATP
ص,ԭϸ, 踨 NAD+
ϸ, 踨 NAD+,
(ATP)
DNAø ,DNA޸顢
о ȱ áҪ
ø ֮һ
T
T
T
T
T T
A A
A A A A
G G
G G
G
C
C C
C C
Proteins and their functions in DNA replication
members functions
DnaA recognizing original site of replication
helicase dsDNA unwinding
SSB stabilizing the ssDNA
primase primer synthesis
TOPO relaxing the positive supercoiling DNA
DNA-pol key enzyme for DNA replication
DNA-pol proofread,degrade primers,fill gaps,
and repair DNA,
ligase ligate two DNA fragments

DNAϳɹ
DNAϳ
M
G
2
G
1
S
ϸ
һƵʼ
ظ,
1,ʼ (origin,ori)
ԭ ֻһʼ㣻
Ⱦɫ DNAжʼ
㣬ͬʱγɶƵλ,ʼ
֮ DNAƬγΪ (replicon)
Two identical chromatids
bidirectional replication
(˫ ) ori ori
replicon ( ) ori ori
39/62
2,Ʋ (replication fork)
ʱ˫򿪣ֿɣ
ſģɣγɵ Y
εĽṹΪ Ʋ
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
5 '
3 '
5 '
3 '

3,˫
(bidirectional
replication)
ԭĸ
Ǵһʼ
ʼͬʱ
УΪ ˫
е
DNAΪ ? ״
DNAƵʼҪ⿪˫

(һ )DNAɵ
칹øɳڳø
⿪˫,SSBϵʹȶ
ʼĽ
Ҫֵʲ롣
Щ븴ʼ
нϣʹ
ڽ DNA
in E.coli,the original site oriC spans 245bp
with 3 groups of tandem repeat and 2 pairs
of inverted repeat,
GATTNTTTATTT GATCTNTTNTATT GATCTCTTATTAG
tandem repeat ظУ
inverted repeat ظУ
TTTGGATAA.,TTATCCACA
AATAGGT--T
TGTGGATTA TTATACACA
A--TA--GTGT
( )ϳ
øʵλúϳ
D n a A
D n a B
D n a C
D N A ø
5 '
3 '
3 '
5 '
ﳤԼΪʮʮ
᲻ȡĺϳɷҲ 53
DNAľۺϾ 3䣭 OH
Ͻеġ
Proteins and their functions in DNA replication
members functions
DnaA recognizing original site of replication
helicase dsDNA unwinding
SSB stabilizing the ssDNA
primase primer synthesis
TOPO relaxing the positive supercoiling DNA
DNA-pol key enzyme for DNA replication
DNA-pol proofread,degrade primers,fill gaps,
and repair DNA,
ligase ligate two DNA fragments
Ƶӳ
DNAۺø߻£Խ⿪
Ϊģ壬 dNTPΪԭϣ
оۺá½ dNTP
3䣭 OHγ 5?3䷽
ӳ
5 '
3 ' 5 'D N A - p o l I I I
dCTP
dTTP
dGTP
dATP
dTTP dCTP
dATP
dGTP
(һ ) 벻
ͷ (leading strand)
˳Žɵ临
еģõһ
5 '
3 '
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
(lagging strand)
Ʒ෴Ƚ⿪
㹻ȵģܼƣõ
ɲƬɡ
5 '
3 '
3 '
5 '
5 '

3 '
3 '5 '5 ' 3 '
Ƭ,
? 1968ձѧ߸õ羵
Ӱ۲쵽 DNAгһ
ЩƬ,Щ
ƬγΪƬΡ
? ԭĸƬΪһǧ
ᣬԼΪٸᡣ
? ƹиø͵ӵ
칹ø
ø
ϵ
DNA ۺø
ø
DNA ø

ͷ

Ƭ
5

5

3 3


(rolling circle replication)
һЩ򵥵͵Ⱦɫ DNA
Ƶʽ
5 '
3 '
5 '
3 '
5 '
3 '
? ? ƣ Theta (?) replication
ǰ β ֱвͬĸʼ㣬ͬʱϳɵġǰ
ϳȫ 2/3ʱʼϳɣʺģǰϳ
ʱųγ D-ᡣϳɵķ෴ǰ
ɣδ
βʼ
ǰʼ
βʼ
?D ( DNAĸ )
Ƶֹ
1,Ƭε
2,ԭڸֹĻ
3,ĺϳ
(һ )Ƭε
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
R N A ø
PO H
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
D N A ø
P
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
d N T P
D N A ø
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
A T P
( )ԭ︴Ƶֹ
ԭﻷ״ DNAΪ˫,
ƬڸƵֹϡÿ
ͷ෴
벻Ƭεͬ
1,Replication ended when the two forks meet at
the other side of the circular DNA;
Termination in prokaryote
2,RNA primer is degraded and the gap is filled
by DNA pol I,and the nick is linked by ligase,
end
start DNA pol I DNA pol I
ligase
( )︴Ƶֹ
Ⱦɫ DNAԣĩֹͣ
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
Ƭ
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
3 '
5 '
5 '
3 '
(telomere)
Ⱦɫ DNAĩ
˵Ľṹ
? ṹص,
1,ĩ˵ DNAк͵ʹ
2,ĩ DNAǶظĸ G,C
Ķ
? ,1,άȾɫȶ
2,ά DNAƵ
ø (telomerase)
? ص,
1, RNA͵ʹɵĸ
2,Ϊת¼ø RNAΪ
ģת¼ϳɶ DNA
? ,
ϳɶ DNAάֶij
telomere ( )
telomerase (ø )
A special structure at the both
ends of chromosome in euk.,
synthesized by telomerase,
TTAGGG n
Telomerase is composed of RNA and protein,
has the activity of reverse transcriptase,
U U A A
3 5
A C
CAACC C
GGGTTGGGT 3 5 3
C CAACC
GGGTTGGGTTGG
U U A A
3 5
3 5 3
A C
C ACCUU
GGGTTGGGTTGG
A A
3
5
3 5 3
A C C A
Binding
Elongation
Translocation
Telomerase
Inchworm󶣩 model,ģ
C ACCUU
GGGTTGGGTTGGAA
A A
3
5
3 5 3
A C C A Elongation
C ACCUU
GGGTTGGGTTGGAA 3 5 3
5 Primer
synthesis
CCCAACCCAACCUU
GGGTTGGGTTGGAA 3 5 3
5
Primase
DNA polymerase
CCCAACCCA
GGGTTGGGTTGGAA 3 5 3
5
DNA
replication
Primer
removal
ø,
ij̼øԱ
ϸˮƽ ϻ (aging)
ķһϵ
Ľ
DNA޸
ͻ (mutation),
ָŴʽṹı
ŴϢĸı䣬ҲΪ DNA
(DNA damage)
ӷˮƽͻ DNA
ϼĸı䡣
һͻ
(һ ) ͻǽֻķӻ
? ͻIJϷɵġû
ͻûнͷ׵硣Ŵ
ѧΪûͻͲŴѧ
? ͻ䶼ŴȻģ
ԷͻȻͻ䣨 spontaneous
mutation
( ) ͻ䵼»͸ı
? ͻֻл͵ĸı䣬ûпɲ
ı͸ı䡣
? ̬ (polymophism)
֮ĻͲ DNA̬
ʶ֡

( ) ͻ䵼
? ͻ䷢ڶҪĻϣ
¸ϸ
( ) ͻijЩķ
? ŴŴIJ
Щ֪Ŵȱڡ
С
ͻ
? ͻԷͻ䣬Ƶ
Ϊ 10-9
? еͻأʵ
ҿշͻ䣬Ϊձ䣬
ͻسΪձҪ
ͻѧء
O
N
H
N O
C H 3
R
P O
N
H
N O
C H 3
R
O
N
H
N O
C H 3
R
P
N
H
N O R
O
C H 3
UV
DNA˵
(श )
( )

शIJ
ѧ,ܸŸת¼
黯, (絪,CTX)ʹʵ
N7䣬Ϊʵλ
,ʹѰ
ԭ G-CձΪ A-Tԣ
C U
A I
G X
C O
HN
C
CH
CH N
O
U
C O
N
C
CH
CH N
NH2
C A
N
NH2
N
N N
N
O
HN
N N
I
N
OH
N
N N
H
H2N
G
N
OH
N
N N
H
HO
X
Ļѧձ
Ӹı
(,5-BU) A5 -BU G
ǰ (NH2OH) T C
(NO2-) C U
黯 (磺 ) G mG
Ŀǰָ
ռжѣԷѰ,
C?U,A?I

ʼ
ͻ (mutation), лŴ
ı䣬 DNAеĸı,
ԭ,ɽͻΪ,
շͻ Էͻ
ͻ
(һ )ͻ (point mutation)
ָ DNAһı죨û
1,ת (transition),
ͬͼ֮û
2,߻ (transversion),
ͼ֮û
ͻ
߻,ͼ,Pu Py
ת,ͬͼ,Pu Pu
Replacement of bases
CTC
Glu
CAC
Val
HbA ? peptide
HbA ? gene
HbS ? gene
HbS ? peptide
A T G C
κϸƶѪ˵ Hb (HbS)
˵ Hb (HbA)Ƚ
κϸƶѪ˵ Hb (HbS)
˵ Hb (HbA)Ƚ
HbS HbA
?ģ CAC CTC
? mRNA GUG GAG
? 6λ Val Glu
( )ȱʧ (deletion) (insertion)
1,ȱʧ,һһκ
DNAʧ
2,,DNA϶һ
һκ
ͻ (frame-shift mutation),
ȱʧͲĶ
ʽı䣬ɵʰ˳

5䡭 GCA GUA CAU GUC

ȱʧ C 5䡭 GAG UAC AUG UC
˿
Frame shift mutation caused by deletion or
insertion of bases
5䡭,TCA CGACATATG.3
5䡭.TCA GCGACATATG.3
Ser Arg His Met
Ser Ala Thr Tyr
5䡭,TCAGACATATG.3
Ser Asp Ile
insert
delete
normal
Frame shift is the most serious mutation!
֮ ԱƣϰԶ
˳ԣԣϰԶ
( )Ż
DNAڷϴƬεĽ
ҲΪ顣
λ DNAλϵߵ
ãλҲȾɫ
֮䷢顣
Rearrangement (recombination )
Exchanging of big DNA fragment
? ?1 ?2 ? ?
Hb ? gene family
ABCD ABDC ABCD
EFGH
ABGH
EFCD
?1 ?2 ? ?
?2 ?1 ?
?
Hb Anti-Lepore
?2 ? ?
Hb Lepore
?2 ? ?
? -thalassemia,?-кƶѪ
,DNA˺޸
޸ (repairing)ָѷ
ȱݶеIJȻơ
(һ )޸ (light repairing)
N
N O
O
C H
3
R
P
N
N O
O
C H
3
R
N
N O
O
C H
3
R
P
N
N OR
U V
O
C H
3

( T T )
)
( )г޸ (excission repairing)
г޸, 3 ø ͬ
Ժø
DNA pol I
DNAø
5'
5' 3'
3'
5'
5' 3'
3'
5'
5' 3'
3'
5'
5' 3'
3'
ɫԸƤ
xeroderma pigmentosis,XP
һг޸ȱݵŴԼ
о䷢ʱһЩصĻ
򣬳Ϊ XPA,XPB,XPCȡЩ
ı Uvr൰ͬԴУҲ
Ϻг DNAõġ XP
XPȱݣ޸
DNAˣ׷Ƥ
( )޸
(recombination repairing)
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
DDDP I
DNA
ø
޸
,޸, ƺ޸
( )SOS޸
DNA˹㷺ԼʱӦ
շһϵи ޸Ӧ
޸йصĻһ Ϊ
(regulon)ʽϵͳ
ص,ϸѣٵ г
޸, SOSյ DNA
ø Եʶ,˵
DNAΪģи,ԼѡԵ ȡ
,޸ʹ DNAĴ϶࣬
Ϲ㷺ڵͻ䡣

ת ¼
ת¼ (reverse transcription)
RNAΪģ壬ϳ以
DNAĹ̡
ת¼ø ( RNA DNAۺø )
1,RNAָ DNAۺø
2,RNAˮø
3,DNAָ DNAۺø
ת¼,
R N A ģ
D N A
˫ D N A
D N A - R N A ˫
ת¼ø߻ DNAϳɷӦҲ
53 ䷽ Ҫ Dz
һ tRNA
? ѧоӦת¼ø,
ϳ DNA
? mRNAΪģ壬ת¼ϳɵ
mRNAл DNAΪ
DNA ( complementary DNA,
cDNA)
ϰ˼,
1,
1 2
3 DNAİ뱣 4ķ
5Ƭ 6
7 KlenowƬ 8
9ø 10ת¼ 11ͻ
2,ʵ֤ DNAİ뱣ƣ
3, DNAƵøЩкã
4,ԭ DNAۺøк

5, DNAƵϵ
6,DNAƺת¼кͬ
7,ݷӸı䣬ͻΪļ֣
8,DNA˵޸ʽļ֣г
޸Ĺ̡
ø telomerase
DNAҪ DNAĩ˲ͨ
ĻﱻϳӦƬ,û
ĻƺϳĩУȾɫͻϸбԽԽ
̡һͨøķֲŵõ˳壬ø
һֺ RNAĵ׸ʵһת¼ø
߻ RNAģ DNAƬεĺϳɣʹԺ
DNAӵĩ˱ֲ䡣
оֳϸĶ
ȱֲ䣬ϸĶ
ϻ̡Դ˵һ
ǣ˵ֳϸ߶øĻ
ϸһĽ
ڶ˥ϵʶ
5
3
AAAACCCCAAAACCC C C
C A
ø
ϳɵһģ
3

5

TTTTGGGGTTTTG
5
3
AAAACCCCAAAACCC C C
C A
AA
3

5

TTTTGGGGTTTTGGGGTTTTG
5
3
AAAACCCCAAAACCC C C
C A
AA
T T
GG
G
TG
GG
T
3
5

AA
TTTTG
5
3
AAAACCCCAAAACCC C C
C A
GTTTTG
Ϻ
ӽ
λ
ӽ
ϳɵ
TTTTGGGG TTTTGGGG TTTTGGGGTTTT 5
3 n AA
3
TTTTGGGG TTTTGGGG TTTTGGGGT 5
3
T
T CCCCT
n
AA 3
TTTTGGGG TTTTGGGG TTTTGGGGT 5
3
T
T AAAACCCC AAAACCCC AAAACCCCT n
һӹ
ת ¼
1
2ת¼ø
3,ת¼
4,ת¼ѧ

?ڶԲ°Ƶ˽
?ϸѺ̥й
?ת¼øǷѧҪø
ֹ
DNAָµ DNAۺø
RNA DNAۺø
Ǻø H
RNAΪģϳ DNA
ͨת¼ŴϢ
DNA RNAķ෴
Ϊת¼á
ת¼ cDNAĺϳ
RNA
DNAۺø ǺøH DNADNAۺø
ת¼

RNA
¿
Ĥ
ת
¼ø
ת¼
ת
ϸȾɫ DNA
ϸ
ʧĤ
ʧ¿
ת¼
RNA
RNA
cDNA
¿ǵ
Ĥ
ת¼ø
DNAͻ

-T-C-G-G-C-T-G-T-A-C-G-
-A-G-C-C-G-A-C-A-T-G-C-
ת
-T-C-G-A-G-C-T-G-T-A-C-G-
-A-G-C-T-C-G-A-C-A-T-G-C-

A
-T-C-G-C-T-G-T-A-C-G-
-A-G-C-G-A-C-A-T-G-C-
ȱʧ
T
Ұͻ
-T-C-G-A-C-T-G-T-A-C-G-
-A-G-C-T-G-A-C-A-T-G-C-
-T-C-G-T-C-T-G-T-A-C-G-
-A-G-C-A-G-A-C-A-T-G-C-
߻
Եû
(substitution)
ͻ
(framesshift mutation)
DNA˺г޸
ʧ ȱݻ ṹȱ
п ø
ø г
DNAۺø
DNA ø
APø
ø
п
г
޸

ø
ø ȡ