ڰ
л
Amino acid metabolism
һ
ʵӪ
С
ˮ ֽл
ϳɴл
һӪҪ
1,άϸ֯º޲
2,Ҫ
߻øߣԭ )˶ ),
תˣ壩ѪѪϵͳ
3,,
ÿ 18%ɵṩ
ҪӪֵ
2.1 ƽ
2.2 Ҫ
2.3 ʵӪֵ
2.1 ƽ ( nitrogen balance),
뵰ʵĺйк
֮Ĺϵ
ƽ, 뵪 =ųˣ
ƽ, 뵪 >ųͯиȣ
ƽ, 뵪 <ųԼ
壺ӳڵʺϳֽлܽ
2.2 Ҫ
˵ÿҪ 30-50g,
ҹӪѧƼÿյΪ 80g
2.3 ʵӪֵ
A谱 (essential amino acid)
ָҪֲϳɣ
ʳ﹩İᣬ 8,Val,Ile
Leu,Thr,Met,Lys,Phe,Trp
12ְڿԺϳɣƷDZ谱,
His,Argںϳ㣬ư谱ᡣ
BʵӪֵ (nutrition value)
Ӫֵȡڱ谱,
ʱȡ
CʵĻ
ָͬĵʻʳã谱
ಹӪֵ
ڶ
ʵ븯
һʵ
1.1
A,ɴתΪСӣա
B,ԺͿԭԣֹ
ԷӦ
1.2
1.2.1 θڵãθø
θø PHΪ 1.5 2.5Եļ
ԲҪΪļᡣ
θøԭ θø + Ƭ H
+θø
pepsinogen pepsin
θø
1.2.2 С,
Ҫλ
A,Һеĵø
ø endopeptidase,
ˮ⵰ڲһЩļȵø
ӵøԵø
ø exopeptidase,
ĩοʼÿˮһл
ø A,B,ø
B,øԭļ
ȵøԭ ȵø ø
ӵøԭ
ӵø
Ȼøԭ
Ȼø
Եøԭ
Եø
C,СճĤϸԵʵ
Ҫǹøã ø
ø
H2N CH C NH CH
O
CH C N
O
NH C
O
CH C NH
O
NH COOH
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
CH
R6
ø ø Ȼø
+ CH C NH
O
COOH
R`
CH
R`
H2N

ø
* ˮøʾͼ

2.1 λ,ҪС
2.2 ʽ,ᡢġ
2.3 ,ܵչ
A,
,Na+嵰壬Ϊμ
תˣ ATPܣǵתˣ

԰
԰
԰
ǰᡢʰ
B,-Ȱѭ԰ת
COOH
CHNH2
CH2
CH2
C
O
NH CH
COOH
R


װʰ
(Cys-Gly)
װ ʰ
ø
N
H
O COOH
5-
H2N CH
COOH
R


תø

Ȱ
5-
ø
ATP
ADP+Pi
-Ȱװ

װ
ϳø
ADP+Pi
ATP ׸
ϳø ATP ADP+Pi
CH H2N
COOH
R
ϸ
-

ת
ø
ϸĤ
׸
GSH
ϸ
óճĤϸϵĶĻĵתϵ
2.4 ĵ
ʵĸ
ϸδյĵʼ
óΪ ʵĸ (putrefaction)
õIJк簷ӡ
ᣬҲɲ֬ἰάء
3.1 (amines)
ø Ȼ
鰱 鰷
ʬ
ɫ ɫ
Ұ Ұ
* 񾭵 ( false neurotransmitter )
ijЩʽṹ񾭵ʽṹƣȡ
񾭵ʴӶӰԹܣƼ񾭵ʡ
CH2
CH2NH2
Ұ
CH2NH2
C OH H
Ҵ
CH2
CH2NH2
OH Ұ
C
CH2NH2
OH H
OH -Ұ
3.2 (ammonia)


Ѫ ( ) ( )
Ѱ
ø
ͳ PH,NH3תΪ NH4+ɼٰ
գԹ೦ݡ
3.3 кʵ
Ұ
װ
ɫ

һл

Aʵİ (half-life),
ʽԭŨһҪ
ʱ䣬 t1/2ʾ
BڽĶ;
,
aøڣ ATPĹ,
ԴԵסĤ׺ͳ
b ATPͷصĹ,
쳣׺Ͷ
Cл ( metabolic pool )
ʳﵰ׾յİ Դ԰
֯׽İ Դ
һ, ֲڸ, л,
Ϊ л

л

Ѱ
ͪ



Ȼ


лת

(ʡव )
ϳ
ʳﵰ
֯

ֽ
ںϳɰ
(DZ谱 )
лſ
һѰ
1.1 ,
ָȥӦ -ͪĹ̡
1.2 ʽ,
ת
Ѱ
Ѱ
1.2.1,L-ȰѰ
NH2
CH
(CH2)2
COOH
COOH
L-Ȱ
NH
C
(CH2)2
COOH
COOH
O
C
(CH2)2
COOH
COOH
+ NH3

NAD+
NADH+H+ H2O
ص,
Bø,L-Ȱø档
ֻ GluַͨʽѰ
CøΪ NAD+ NADP+
DλΡԡ֯
ȱ L-Ȱø
E,GTP,ATPΪƼ,
GDP,ADPΪ伤
A백ɡ
1.2.2ת (transamination)
A
B
Cתø
DתõĻ

A,
תø£һȥ
-Ӧ -ͪᣬһ
-ͪõ˰Ӧİ
Ĺ̡
B,
C
COOH
NH2 H
R1
+ C
R2
COOH
O C
COOH
NH2 H
R1
+ C
R2
COOH
O תø
ɲתãᡢ
ᡢǸ⡣
Cתø (transaminase),
תø (aminotransferase)
ȱתø glutamic pyruvic transaminase,GPT,ALT
Ȱ +ͪ ?-ͪ +
Ȳתø glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,G0T,AST
Ȱ + ?-ͪ +춬
֯ GOT GPT
156000 7100
142000 44000
99000 4800
91000 19000
֯ GOT GPT

Ƣ

Ѫ
28000 2000
14000 1200
10000 700
20 16
˸֯ GOT GPT (λ /ʪ֯ )
ѪתøԿΪ
Ԥָ֮һ
DתõĻ
תøĸøȩష
ȩ
-ͪ ߰
Ȱ

תø
N
CH2OPO3H2
O=C
H
OH CH2
C NH2
R1
HOOC
H
+




ȩ
N
CH2OPO3H2
N=C
H
OH CH2
C
R1
HOOC
H
Schiff
N
CH2OPO3H2
CH2
OH CH2
C=N
R1
HOOC
Schiff

C=O
R1
HOOC
N
CH2OPO3H2
CH2
OH CH2
H2N
+





棬ǻϳɷDZ谱
Ҫ;
δİ
Eص,
1.2.3Ѱ
֣ϣøϴ

백Ĺ̡
A,תżѰ

Ȱ -ͪ

H2O+NAD+
תø
NH3+NADH+H+
L-Ȱø
ǰѰҪʽΪںϳɷDZ
谱ҪʽҪڸΡ֯С
B,ʺѭ֯


ƻ

Ѱø
H2O
NH3
Ӻ
N
N N
N
R-5`-P
NH2


(AMP)
N
N N
N
HN
H
C COOH CH2 HOOC
R-5`-P


N
N N
HN
R-5`-P
O
λ

(IMP)

ϳø -ͪ




Ȱ

ת

ø
ת

ø
,-ͪĴл
1.1 ɷDZ谱
1.2 Ǽ֬
1.3
-ͪڿͨ TACữ
Ϊ H2O CO2ͬʱ ATP
ʰᡢ˿ᡢӰᡢ鰱ᡢ,
ǸᡢᡢȰᡢȰ,
춬ᡢ춬ᡢװ

ǰ
ͪ ᡢ
Ǽͪ ᡢᡢҰᡢհᡢɫ
Ǽͪʵķ
CoA
Ӻ



CoA
ͪ
PEP

ǻԭ

- ֬
֬

CoA
װ
˿
հ
ɫ


ɫ



Ұ

˿ հ Ӱ
ͪ

Ұ ɫ

Ȱ
Ȱ
鰱 Ӱ
CO2
CO2






֬


л


ϵ
T A C
aȰѰ
Ȱ -ͪ
L-Ȱø
NAD+ NADH+H+
+ NH3
b,-ͪ TAC;ƻ
-ͪ -ͪø CoA
NAD+ CoA CO2 NADH+H+

GDP
GTP+CoA
Ӻ
FAD FADH2
ƻ
H2O

dƻתΪ PEP
ƻ
NAD+ NADH+H+
PEP ϩʽͪȼø
GTP GDP CO2
e1,PEPǽͽ;;Ϊǣ
ƹϡ
1,6-DPF תΪ F-6-P
G-6-PתΪ Glu
e2תΪ PEPҲɽ,
f,PEPתΪͪᣬ߽
PEP ͪ ͪἤø
ADP ATP
gͪתΪ CoA
ͪ ͪø CoA
NAD+ HSCoA NADH+H+ CO2
h CoA TAC
ATPļ
Glu a-ͪ +3ATP
a-ͪ CoA +3ATP
PEP -1ATP
PEP ͪ +1ATP
TAC +12ATP
ͪ CoA +3ATP
CoA +1ATP
ƻ +3(2)ATP
Ӻ +2ATP
+27(26)ATP
Ľ
л
ǻлжԣ
֯ ڵİҪ
ضⶾѪŨһ㲻
0.6mol/L,򣬻Բ
ж
һѪԴȥ·
1.1 Դ,
A,Ѱ,ҪԴ
RCH2NH2 RCHO + NH3
ø
ķֽ,
B,յİ
ڳϸ²İ
ؾϸøˮİ
C,СƤϸ
Ȱ Ȱ + NH3
Ȱø
1.2 Ѫȥ·
A,ڸںϳ
B,ϳɷDZ谱ἰ
C,ϳɹȰ
D,Сڰ
NH3 NH4+ų
Ҫȥ·
ת
2.1 -ѭ
2.2 Ȱ˰
2.1 -ѭ
( alanine-glucose cycle)
аҪʽռ 70%
A,,
B,,
aа޶ıʽ䵽
b,Ϊṩɱͪ









NH3
Ȱ


ͪ



;

תø




ѪҺ



Ȱ ͪ
NH3

ѭ







ȰǰĽⶾҲǰĴ
漰ʽ
2.2 Ȱ˰
A,,
B,,
ԡаҪʽ
Ȱ + NH3 Ȱ
Ȱϳø
ATP ADP+Pi
Ȱø
ԡϳɹȰ䵽Ρ
ٷֽΪӶнⶾ
ص
3.1 ֯λ,ϸ
3.3 ϳɹ,
3.2 ϸڶλ,塢Һ
3.4 ص,
3.5 ,
3.6 ߰Ѫ֢Ͱж,
غϳɵĹ Hans Krebs
Kurt HenseleitΪѭ
(Orinithine cycle)ֳѭ
(urea cycle) Krebs- Henseleitѭ
3.3.1 ĺϳ
CO2 + NH3 + H2O + 2ATP
ϳø
N-Ȱ,Mg2+
C
O
O H2N ~ PO32- + 2ADP+Pi

ע,
A,ϳø ,
( carbamoyl phosphate synthase ,CPS- )
Bϸڶλ
D 2 ATP
C,N-ȰΪ伤 COOH
CH
(CH2)2
COOH
NH CH3C
O
N-Ȱ (AGA)
CoA+Ȱ
AGAø
3.3.2 ϰĺϳ
ᰱתø
H3PO4
NH2
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2 +
NH2
C
O
O
~PO32-

NH
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2
C O
ϰ
(CH2)3
ע,
C,ϰϳɺҺ
A,ᰱתø
(ornithine carbamoyl transferase,OCT)
Bϸڶλ
ϳø
ATP AMP+PPi H2O
Mg2+
NH
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2
C O COOH
C H H2N
CH2
COOH
+
ϰ 춬
NH
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2
C N
COOH
C H
CH2
COOH

3.3.3 ĺϳ

ѽø
NH
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2
C N
COOH
C H
CH2
COOH

NH
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2
C NH
COOH
CH
CH
HOOC
+
Ӻ
ע,
C 1 ATP,2
A,ϳø
(argininosuccinate synthase,ASS)
ѽø
(argininosuccinate lyase,ASL)
BϸڶλҺ
ø
NH
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2
C NH

+ H2O ø
NH2
NH2
C O

NH2
(CH2)3
CH
COOH
NH2

+
3.3.4 ˮ
ϸڶλҺ
ѭ
2ADP+Pi
CO2 + NH3 + H2O

2ATP N-Ȱ
Pi
ϰ

Ӻ


ƻ


Ȱ



ϰ

ATP
AMP+PPi


Һ
A,ÿϳ 1أ,
2Ӱֱ백춬
1 CO2
4 3 ATP
BҺл CPS-II
3.4 ص,

A,ʳӰ,
ߵʳϳ
ϳ
C,غϳøϵĵ,ASS
3.5 ,
B,CPS- ĵ,
AGAΪ伤
Ϊ AGAø
AѪŨ߳ ߰Ѫ֢,ڸι
ʱغϳøŴȱҲɵ¡
B߰Ѫ֢ʱԹϰ ж
-ͪ Ȱ Ȱ
NH3 NH3
TAC






3.6 ߰Ѫ֢Ͱж,

𰱻Ĵл
һȻ
( decarboxylation )
ø

C
COOH
NH2 H
R

RCH2NH2 + CO2
ȩ
ȥ·,ø amine oxidase
1.1 -
( -aminobutyric acid,GABA )
GABA񾭵ʣ
á
L-Ȱ GABA
CO2
L- Ȱø
ȩ
1.2 ţ ( taurine )
ţǽϵ֭ɳɷ
L-װ ţ ø
CO2
1.3 鰷 ( histamine)
L-鰱 鰷
鰱ø
CO2
鰷ǿҵѪż
ëϸѪܵͨ͸ԣɴ̼
θøθķڡ
1.4 5-ɫ
( 5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT )
ɫ 5-ɫ 5-HT ɫǻø 5-ɫø
CO2
5-HTΪ񾭵ʣ
ã֯Ѫ
ܵá
1.5 ష ( polyamines )

S-ռ
(SAM )
Ȼ SAM
ø
CO2
SAMø
CO2

(spermidine)


ת

ø
- -S-CH3
תø (spermine)
ǵϸ
Ҫʡʢ̥֯
Ρ֯ϸߣ
øøԽǿ
ٴòⶨѪжషĺ
Ϊ۲˲ָ֮һ
һ̼λĴл
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.1
ijЩڷֽлп
һ̼ԭӵģлţ
Ϊһ̼λ (one carbon unit )
2.2
׻ CH3 methyl
ϩ CH2 methylene
Ȳ CH methenyl
CHO formyl
ǰ׻ CH NH formimino
2.3
N C
C C
C 7CH2
6CH
H
N8
5N
H
H2N
3N
OH
9CH2 10NH C
O
NH CH
COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
5,6,7,8-Ҷ (FH4)
FH4Яһ̼λʽ,
һ̼λͨǽ FH4ӵ N5,N10λϣ
N5 CH3 FH4
N5,N10 CH2 FH4
5N
N
CH2
N10 H2C N5,N10=CH FH
4
N10 CHO FH4
N5 CH=NH FH4
CH3 H
5N
N
CH2
N10
HC
5N
N
CH2
N10
C
O
H
5N
N
CH2
N10
HC
HN
5N
N
CH2
N10
һ̼λҪԴڰл
˿ N5,N10 CH2 FH4
ʰ N5,N10 CH2 FH4
鰱 N5 CH=NH FH4
ɫ N10 CHO FH4
2.4
2.5
N10 CHO FH4
N5,N10=CH FH4
N5,N10 CH2 FH4
N5 CH3 FH4
N5 CH=NH FH4
H+
H2O
NADPH+H+
NADP+
NADH+H+
NAD+
NH3
2.6
AΪϳʺऺṩԭ
CǰлͺлϵŦ
BΪѭṩ׻
򰱻Ĵл
װ (Met) װ (Cys)
򰱻
CH2SH
CHNH2
COOH
CH2 S
CHNH2
COOH
S CH2
CHNH2
COOH
S CH3
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2
3.1 Ĵл
Aת׻
תø
PPi+Pi
S CH3
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2 CH2 O
OH OH
P P P ~ ~

+
ATP
+S
CH3
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2
CH2
O
OH OH

S ռ (SAM)
׻תø
RH RH CH3
+S
CH3
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2
CH2
O
OH OH

SAM
+S
H
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2
CH2
O
OH OH

S ͬͰװ
SH
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2
ͬͰװ
SAMΪڼ׻ֱӹ
Bѭ ( methionine cycle )

S ͬ
װ
S ռ ͬͰװ
FH4
N5 CH3 FH4
N5 CH3 FH4
ת׻ø
(VitB12)
H2O

RH
RH CH3
ATP
PPi+Pi
Cѭ,
N5-CH3-FH4Ϊ׻ļ
ӹ壬ͨ SAMΪڹ㷺
ļ׻Ӧṩ׻
Dĺϳ
+
߻תø NH
NH2
HN=C
(CH2)3
CHNH2
COOH

CH2NH2
COOH
ʰ
CHNH2 +
NH2
(CH2)3
COOH

CH2
COOH
NH
C=NH
NH2

CH2
COOH
N CH3
HN=C
NH ~ P
ἤø
ADP ATP ἡ
SAM
׻תø
S ͬ
װ
CH2
COOH
N CH3
HN=C
NH2
O
H2O+Pi
C NH
C
C
H2
N
H3C
HN

3.2װװĴл
AװװĻ
-2H
+2H
CH2SH
CHNH2
COOH
2
װ
CH2 S
CHNH2
COOH
S CH2
CHNH2
COOH
װ
BĴл
򰱻ֽɲװҪԴ
SO42- + ATP AMP SO3- ( -5`- )
3-PO3H2 AMP SO3-
(3`- -5`-,PAPS)

HO OPO3H2
CH2 O P
O
OH
O SO3-
PAPSĽṹ PAPSΪ, Ĺ
ġ就Ĵл

(Phe) Ұ (Tyr) ɫ (Trp)
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
OH
N
H
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
4.1 ҰĴл
+ O2 Ұ + H2O ǻø

NADP+H+ NADP+
ΪҪл;
AӰ (catecholamine) ĺϳ
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
OH
Ұ
Ұǻø CH2
CHNH2
COOH
OH HO
(dopa)
CO2 CH2
CH2NH2
OH HO
Ͱ (dopamine)
CHOH
CH2NH2
OH HO
ȥ (norepinephrine)
SAM
ͬ
װ CHOH
CH2NH
OH HO
CH3
(epinephrine)
ҰںɫϸпɾҰø
ȵĴ߻ϳɺɫء
ȱҰøɫغϳϰ
ƤëȷףΪ׻ (albinism)
Bɫ (melanin)
CҰķֽл
Ұתø
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
OH
Ұ
CH2
C=O
COOH
OH
DZͪ
OH
OH
CH2COOH

COOH
CH
CH
HOOC
CH2
C=O
CH2
COOH
+
Ӻ
ڴлøȱʱ
ֽ裬ɳ֢
D֢ͪ ( phenyl keronuria,PKU )
PKUָ ǻø ȱݣ
᲻תΪҰᣬת
ɱͪᡢȣ
ųһŴл
תø
(ʱ ) CH2
CHNH2
COOH

CH2
C=O
COOH
ͪ
CH2
COOH

4.2 ɫл
ɫ
5-ɫ
һ̼λ
ͪ + CoA
Vit PP
塢֧Ĵл
֧
(Leu) (Ile) Ӱ (Val)
CH3
CH
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH3 CH3
CH
CHNH2
COOH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH2
CHNH2
COOH
CH3
Ҫ
ǰ
ʼ

߲
ᡢἡ

Ӱ
״
ɫ
5-ɫ

-

ɷ
ɷ
Ѫءϸɫ

ά
񾭵ʡ

Ƥɫ
Ѫ񾭵
Ѫż
񾭵
ϸֳٽ
Asp,Gln,Gly
Asp
Gly
Gly,Arg,Met
Trp
Tyr,Phe
Tyr
Tyr,Phe
Trp
His
Glu
Arg,Met
ڰ
End of Chapter 8