a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ) ?;¥ ?? ù5 K'¥ZE ^V;¥o??? ?¨o¥?Fe ? ^ c \9i: ? s Tb'? ^ù?;¥M??Fb? ^.d;D¥B?ZEb ? ^ á ì V[V 6?B??s? ?ù5b èHD??¥à Qóíá ìμm¥  Ub ? ¥èHo ' ? o? ??p?t-a ? 3 b  o?? ò?t ? ×?s ? De?¥ ? o?μv¥μYb ??μY ^??p?t/?¥ ? a  p? t|e?¥ ? ?MD? ˉ¥ ?b ?[ V[Vp?to?¥MDT¨ ?s b  p?tü ^  à μB?¥ bW2a?;D2?? bW¥;D2 V[¨ ?? T¥f ? ?V U ?"B ?  p?t ? o?¥MDT¨ ü V[V U 1 ? o¥ˉ??D?f ?¥eb V÷<l¥? ??? ^M?o?¥p?t dM?"d?¥B M Po??o ?á 3?M¥y í è ??^"d?¥i?aQ ? ? ì¥T¨? V[?¨MD¥ZE) ?b =Qv^??? ?ro¥ù?\é ;D ? ?¥?Z P¤MD;D¤[y ?b § 6.1  "d¥ àf ? B  àf ?  ? 3¥Hq 1 pμp?to??b o1? bW?.l ^??C ¥b  p?t¥i P¤o ??M ? ao¥ˉ??×?s?b [ -¥  à¥T¨ü ^? "b ?[ ü ? Po -¥ˉ??? 3?M¥t d?1  àb ?? a? da ; E?? ^ á ì ?¥  ài?a í??9 ^  àb   à|o¥ bWs1 -??a? ?sb -?1v ü bWa?1  bWb o  à ¥ -aV ? )¥ˉ?? sY1 ),( ~ 1 yxU ? ),( ~ 2 yxU ¤ l à ¥ ˉ??1 1 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ),( ~ yxU ′′ sY?-1 ? ?a i ?  Q ? ?¤ l?b   à¥T¨ P¤ D1 b¨ f ?V U ),( ~ 1 yxU ),( ~ 2 yxU ),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~ 1 2 yxU yxU yxt =  ),( ~ yxt 1iV q Q  qf ?d ? àf ?b àf ?1ˉ ? )],(exp[),(),( ~ yxiyxtyxt t ?= b  1è ?¥  à?1êM? ¥?? ),( yxt ),( yx t ? 1è ?¥  à?1???¥b =My0 ?E ??   ॠàf ? ü V[ ??X? ? ?üV  à-a¥ ?¥ˉ??MD f ? é7? ? ??¤ l?b ???  à¥ˉ?[# s p3¥ ? 4 ? ? ?? à f ?Yè? ? 4 ? a+? ^? V ?¥b ?[o ?? |B?¥í ?ZE | ?¥?1 +?b ?T ? ?? àf ?¥êM 5 V[YVù?o¥êM?M ? ??o?¥M?b ?? ZE?1My0 ?Eb àí ?/ò? ??¥o¥My0 ?  ?/b 1ao O ),( 21 θθ  D ü ?C?Z_¥ ü ?o )]sin(sinexp[ 21 yxik θθ + 2aà ? ? ¥ o ?o ] 2 exp[ 22 z yx ik + 3aà ? ¥ o ?o ] 2 exp[ 22 z yx ik + ? 2 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D 4aà?? ? o ?o ] 2 (exp[ 00 22 z yyxx z yx ik + ? + 5aà?? o ?o ] 2 (exp[ 00 22 z yyxx z yx ik + ? + ? ?o -¥My0 ??¥ ü ?o? o ?oo - ¥My0X - ? p¤b 1 i?¥êMMDf ? iV qf ?  i???¨1 d 0 i?¥μr g?1 Db'; ?$K?°?1 D¥S? =b 3 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D i? -aò |B? ü ? ? o?i o¥ˉ??sY1 )],(exp[),( ~ 111 yxiAyxU ?=  bi?¥iV qf ?1 )],(exp[),( ~ 222 yxiAyxU ?= ? ? ? ? ? > < =?= 2 ,0 2 ,),( )](exp[ ~ ),( 12 1 2 D r D reyxa i A A t yxi L L ? ??  22 yxr += - {i?¥ l' 1/),( 12 == AAyxa μ ))],(),((exp[)],(exp[),( ~ 12 yxyxiyxiyxt LL ??? ?== 1i?¥êMMDf ?b ? i? ? |àí ? a1??¥;L ü??;àb Vm  V[ p¤üi?a¥ êMμ1 )],([ 2 ),( 21 yxndyx L +?+?= λ π ? ))(1( 2 )]([ 2 21021021 ?+???=????+?+?= ndn λ π ? λ π 00 2 nd λ π ? = íàHq/ 1 22 2 1 22 1 22 2 111 2 )11()(),( r yx r yx ryxrryx + ≈ + ??=+??=? 2 22 222 222 2 )(),( r yx yxrryx + ?≈+???=? F yx kyx rr n yx L 2 ))( 11 ( 2 12 ),( 22 22 21 + ?=+? ? ?= λ π ?  ? ) 11 )(1( 1 21 rr n F ?? = b V¤i?¥êMMDf ?1 ] 2 exp[),( ~ 22 F yx ikyxt L + ?=  My01 F yx ik 2 22 + ? V[¨  ?f ?¤?+?;D¥t^ Tb è ? ü?;? ?  ? oi? ü ?)¥ˉ??1 i o1 11 ~ AU = 4 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ] 2 exp[),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~ 22 112 F yx ikAyxtyxUyxU L + ?== 1? ?i?a F)¥ o ?ob i ?? 1 Fb ?T ? o ^i? - s)¥ o ?o5 ] 2 exp[),( ~ 22 11 s yx ikAyxU + =  o )] 11 ( 2 exp[] 2 exp[] 2 exp[),( ~ 22 1 2222 12 sF yx ikA F yx ik s yx ikAyxU ? + ?= + ? + = 1? ? sF 11 1 ? )¥ o ?ob Fs sF sF s ? =?=′ ) 11 /(1 b 't^ T1 Fss 111 = ′ + b 2 í?¥êMMDf ? iV qf ?  í? -aò |BMo ü?¥ ü ? ? o?i o  ü ? ¥ˉ ??ò1  )],(exp[),( ~ 111 yxiAyxU ?= )],(exp[),( ~ 222 yxiAyxU ?=  ¥s? í? V[¤? ???=??+?=+?= )1( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ),( 00 nnndndyx P λ π ? λ π λ π ? b 00 2 nd π ? λ = 1è ? M??V í???  ';à) YV¥;¥êM ìab ?T í? -a  ?¥? í's?)¥ íD yà ü ? s ? 1 α 5 αx=? b 1 í???)¥¨b 0 d xnkyx P α? )1(),( ??= ?T í?¥ -V ? ? xy ü ? = 7 -a  ?¥? í xy ü ? = ?iZ_ ' M ?? í? ?;àVB??b V[¨| ?EL¥Z_??? 1 α  2 α V?5μ )])(1(exp[),( ~ 21 yxnikyxt P αα +??= è ? à Bt?? í?¥  ?1 5 ?¥ o ?oüV í?a ¥o - V[? [/ZE p¤ s )])(1(exp[] 2 exp[),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~ 21 22 112 yxnik s yx ikAyxtyxUyxU P αα +?? + == 5 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D 22 11 exp [ ( 1)( )] 2 xy Aik n xy s αα + =?? 2 + ?r?à? t??¥ o ?o? ÷¥ê?1 snx 10 )1( α?=  sny 20 )1( α?=  sz = 0 i?? í??? ^êM?¥  à oo¥êM MDT¨ ^B?e?¥MD ?b § 6.2 ? °?n;E ¥° ú= ? ?s B àf ?¥° ú=MD 1 bW ? q¥à Q ??a  da ? d?;E ? ^  à T¨ ^ P ? o¥o -?M V[¨ àf ?V U  à¥T¨b μB ??¨<W¥  à ^ ;E ' μ? ù? bW2¥  àb   à μ bW¥? ù? 7o9 μ bW¥? ù? '  àf ??ˉ??? ^ bW ¥? ù?f ? * 1B? V[V ?D ¤??¥) ?ZEb  ;E μ bW¥? ù? í ? ^?a?¥;E? ^???¥;E ? ù? V[¨ ;Eè ? dV Ub ? ù¥? ? ^ ? q è ???? ??? ù T ¥? ? ^??¥ ? q8? ^ HW ¥? ù? ? qb]" bW 9 V[?l? ù? ? q bW? ù¥? ?ü ^ bW ? q 'μ d f 1 = bf?1 bW ? qb ? ù?¥  à; V[¨ bW? ù í ?9 V[¨ bW ? q í ?b - ? aV¥Q a i  ú2;E V[ a1 ^ o?a?p ¥b 'B?s P; ??i  Q a 6B?s ???i;b ^??¥???  à  àf ?V U1 ? ? ? = {;?s i;?s 0 1 ),( ~ yxt ?ì¥? ùf ??? ^?l×1?? xy ü ? b XZ_¥iV qV U1 6 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ? ? ? ++<<++ ++<<+ = dnxxandx andxxndx xt )1(0 1 )( ~ 00 00  (,x )∈ ?∞ +∞ ? ù ?V U1 )( ~ )( ~ ndxtxt += d 1K l ¥ bW ? ù ' bW ? ù b bW ? q 1 d f 1 = b ?TiV q¥M? ^ ??f ?? T'?????¥?1??;Eb 2??;E¥° ?=MD ??;E ?T;E YLD yà ü?5 iV q XZ_T? ù?M?? ù1 d bW ? q1 ff=1/db  àf ? V[? )2cos()( ~ 010 ?π ++= fxttxt b ü?;? ? ?? 5i o¥ˉ??1 11 )( ~ AxU = 112 )( ~ )( ~ )( ~ AxtxUxU == )]2cos([ 010 ?π ++ fxtt b7 )]}2(exp[)]2({exp[ 2 1 )2cos( 000 ?π?π?π +?++=+ fxifxifx  ?[ exp 2 1 )( ~ 11012 tAtAxU += )]2(exp[ 2 1 )]2(exp[ 0110 ?π?π +?++ fxitAfxi ' )( ~ )( ~ )( ~ )( ~ 1102 xUxUxUxU ?+ ++= i o L= M1 ?  ü ?o 1?o¥Z_ = + )( ~ 1 xU )]2(exp[ 2 1 011 ?π +fxitA 1 ü ? o o O x Z_¥s  1 Z_?1fk x π2 1 = + λ λ π π θ f f k k x === + + + 2 2 sin 1 1 1 1  ?  o¥Z_?s Y1  b 1 bW ? qb 0sin 0 1 =θ λθ f?= ?1 1 sin f 7 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D B o  bW ? qv  XZ_¥o Os v '?;à¥?vb ?[ ?μKvl¥Y; d? 9 ^ bW ? ql¥o V[YV bW ? qv¥o? ?YVb ?ü ^ bW ro¥e ?b 010 )( ~ tAxU = 0)o° @?sZ_ 0sin 0 =θ = + )( ~ 1 xU )]2(exp[ 2 1 011 ?π +fxitA +1)o Z_ λθ f= +1 sin = ? )( ~ 1 xU )]2(exp[ 2 1 011 ?π +? fxitA -1)o Z_ λθ f?= ?1 sin  ?2TD - ?¨ s T¤?¥2T ^?B"¥s T¥2T ^ 0 0 sin 1 sin( ) 1 sin( ) () [ ] 22 ikr e Ux KFUd f β βπ βπ ββπ βπ ?+ =++  ?]¥ey ^??;E¥ z ^μK¥ ?[  ?¥ àf ?iV q L= ? ^?ì¥ ? ù?f ?y7 ?B o?μM?¥?? zb 0 D λ θ?= 1 1 cosD λ θ θ ± ± ?= D ^;E¥μr zb 3? ù? àf ?¥° ú=MD ?B?¥ ? ù?¥ à f ? V[ ¨° ú=) ?| Z 7 1B" ? ????f ?¥ ?b ?T? ùf ?1  ? ù1 d()tx (,x )∈ ?∞ +∞ 5 V[¨ Fourier) ?V U ' ()tx ∑∑ >> ++= 0 2sin2cos)( nnnn xfbxfatxt ππ 00 nn   ? d nnff n 1 1 ==  d f 1 1 = ^ ?b 7M?¥ Fourier" ?1 ∫ ? = 2/ 2/ 0 )( 1 d d dxxt d t 8 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ∫ ? = 2/ 2/ )2cos()( 2 d d nn dxxfxt d a π ∫ ? = 2/ 2/ )2sin()( 2 d d nn dxxfxt d b π ? ∑ > ?+= 0 0 )2cos()( n nnn xfctxt ?π  22 nnn bac +=  n n n a b 1 tan ? =? b ? ∑∑ ≠≠ +=?+= 0 0 0 0 )]2(exp[ ~ )]2(exp[)( n nn n nnn xfittxfittxt π?π )( 2 1 ~ nn i nn ibaett n ?== ? ? ° ú=" ? n t ~ V[°¤ p ∫ ? ?= 2/ 2/ )2exp()( 1 ~ d d nn dxxfixt d t π o?;D?¨ˉ ?V Uμe? ü ?¥a? ?[  ?¥ˉ ?Vr T μ}V?b àf ?¥° ú= ? ? n t ~ ^|? ù?f ?Z 71 Fourier ) ? aM?¥" ? L= V U ?B??s ?]¥ 1×b ?TVo¥? A | exp (2 ) n tif n xπ  j1o¥ˉ?? 5 n t ~ V U¥ü ^ ¥ ??b 2 n ifx e π n t ~ ¥"??1° ú= ? ? ' bW ? q1 f n ¥?s¥??b ?? ù?¥ àf ? n t ~ ¥ |′ ^s ?¥ 7d? ù?¥ àf ? ??A?[ Fouriers¥? TV U 5 n t ~ ¥ |′1 ??¥b V Fourier MD¥? ? A ??? T¥  àt8' ??? T¥ àf ?? V [|  A? ^B"  μ bW? ù?¥f ?¥L??F '¥ bW ? ?¥L??Fb ?B ?? ùf ? ¥My0 V [V U1 2 nn f x? π= ? ? ü ?o v ??t t8 ? ? ü ? o¥êMy 09 ^L? ¥' 00 (, ) xyz xy kr kx ky kz? ??= ?+ = + + + G G  ? [i o9 ^B"  μ bW? ù?f ?¥L??F  ?B?s¥? ùD n f ? àf ?¥? ùμ1 ??s ¥M y01 0 (, ) 2 nnxyzn xy kx ky kz fx? ?? π ′ =+=++++?5 s3? 1B "  _?]Z_ ¥? ? ü ?o? ^s ?¥? ^ ??¥b ° f ? ?B? bW ? ?}VB? o ? o ^ ü ?ob ¨i?| V[|?]Z_¥ ü 9 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ? o? ? ^Z? ü ?¥?]ê? 5¤?B" ¥ ê 5? ü ?ü ^ ? o üV  à-a??¥ bW ? ? ?'  àaem^¥° ú= ? ? ??1° f ?b ? °?n  ?ü ^° ú= ? ?s b 4?a?;E¥ àf ? B? f? ';E¥ YLZ_DUSà ü? !D yà ü? àf ? ^ xZ_ ¥? ù ?f ? ? ù? àf ? V[V U1 )( ~ )( ~ ndxtxt +=  ! (,x )∈ ?∞ +∞ n1? ?b V[ °¤¨° ú=) ?V U1 ∑ ∞ ?∞= = n nfxi n eaxt π2 )( ~ 5 ?¥ Fourier ? ?1 dna dna d a nfa nfa d a nfd nfa ee nfdi dxe d dxext d a nfainfai a a nfxi d d nfxi n / )/sin()sin()sin( )( 2 1 1 )( 1 2/ 2/ 2 2/ 2/ 2 π π π π π π π ππ ππ ===??= == ? ? ? ? ? ∫∫ Z_1 λλθ d n nf n ==sin ' λθ nd n =sin '1;EZ?b n) ?¥ < 1 2 2 22 2 )sin( )sinsin( )(] / )/sin( [ n n nn a a d a dna dna d a aI θ π π θ π π π π === 1?í y0 ?¥ <s?b è ?? a=d/2¥;E  àf ?¥° ú=Z 7 T1 "?+?+= )5*2cos( 5 2 )3*2cos( 3 2 )2cos( 2 2 1 )( fxfxfxxt π π π π π π ¨· ?V U1 "??+???+= ??? ][ 5 1 ][ 3 1 ][ 1 2 1 )( ~ 5*25*23*23*222 fxifxifxifxifxifxi eeeeeext ππππππ πππ =a 1a B? )Q ?)b 5d? ù?¥ àf ?¥° ú=MD d? ù?¥f ?M?? )(,0 1 ∞=== d d f ¥? ù?f ?b 10 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ??? ùf ?   bW? ù1 L | B?? ù ')(xg )2/,2/( LL? W¥B  Z 71  ∑∑ ∞ ?∞=≠ =+= n nfxi n n nfxi n egeggxg ππ 2 0 2 0 ~~ )( L f 1 = 1 ?b° ú=" ?1 ∫ ? ? = 2/ 2/ 2 )( 1 ~ L L nfxi n dxexg L g π b M?μ nff n = 222 1 1 () ( ) n ifxinfx infx nnnn nn gx Lge Lge f f Lge f L πππ ∞∞ ∞ + =?∞ =?∞ =?∞ == ?= ∑∑ ∑ ? ? L=?  ? p??1sμ 222 () () () nn ifx ifx ifx nn n n gx Lge f Gfe df Gfe df πππ ∞ ∞∞ ?∞ ?∞ =?∞ =?= = ∑ ∫∫  QMD' Fourier" ?1 /2 22 /2 () () () L ifx ifx n L Gf Lg gxe dx gxe dx ππ ∞ ?? ?? == = ∫∫  'μ?d? ù?f ?¥° ú=sMD° ú=MDb 2 2 () ( ) () () ifx ifx gx Gfe df Gf gxe dx π π ∞ ?∞ ∞ ? ?∞ ? = ? ? ? = ? ∫ ∫ Vnd? ùf ?¥ ? ? Gf1 ?? ?b () è ????  à  àf ?1 T° ú=MDμ ? ? ? > < = 2/||0 2/|| )( ax axA xg /2 /2 /2 /2 () exp( 2 ) exp( 2 ) ( 2 ) [ ] 22 a a a ifa ifa a Gf A i fxdx AA A i fx d i fx e e if if ππ π ππ ππ ? ? ? =? ?= ?? ∫ ∫ 11 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D α α π π sin 2 )sin(2 aA fi fai A = ? ? =  faπα = ?T ü ?o? ?   àf ?? A=1i o1 1 ()Ux A=  1 22 21 1 1 sin sin () ()() ifx ifx fa U x U x g x aA e dx aA e dx fa ππ α π απ +∞ +∞ ?∞ ?∞ == = ∫∫  i o? bW ? q1 f ¥?s ' Z_1 2 sin f f k π θ λ==¥? si o 1 1 sin () fa Gf aA fa π π = | ? ¥ bW ? q f [Z_V U sin f θ λ = 5μ 1 sin( sin ) () sin a Gf aA a π θ λ π θ λ = '1?í y0b § 6.3 -?^e ? Ba-?^e ?¥ ?Dw? ¨? ? ü?;v üíàlt ABC?^? A m B n C m  ? ? ^V? V[¨+?;D¥ t^1" ?39 V[V ? ?D¥?3 db t V[ AT ^B" ?] bW ? ?¥"?b m U¥M??^s ???b ?B? ^t  ¥;? 3? °?n  i?¥a? ü ? ??B" ¥ êb ?=? ^|ò? ê T1?¥;÷ ?¥ò? o ?Qo^ ü ? é?M??F ^ ^? ¥2T '?  ?b?ü ^-?^e ?b V[¨ ?DZE a üb !t1??;E ?¥;o1 )2cos(),( ~ 101 fxttAyxU O π+= 1 ?  ü ?ob ?  ü ? oi?¥^Z? ü ? ?? ?? ê   ü ^ ? ??; 1+ S 0 S 1? S 12 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ÷b ?? êT1 ???;÷ ?¥ o ?o^ ü ? é?M??Fb ^ ü ?  ? ¨ s T \f ???1sY1 2/ 111 tAA ∝ ±  010 tAA ∝ êMsY1 )()( 0 θθ? kL=  )( 0 θL 1;E  t ??? ??a '? ü ?  ê?¥;?b sY V U1 BS 1 ? BS 0 5 ??Qo;÷¥ˉ?? V1 1 111 1 exp[ ( )] 2 UAtikBS+ + ∝   0 010 exp[ ( )]UAt ikBS∝   1 111 1 exp[ ( )] 2 UAtikBS? ? ∝  b ^ ü ? x’,y’¥ˉ?? V[? ?/ZE p¤ ?à t? S 0 ^ ü ?¥ˉ??1 22 000 ( , ) exp[ ( )]exp[ ] 2 x y U x y U ik S B ik z ′ ′+ ′′ ′∝  22 10 0 exp[ ( )]exp[ ] 2 x y At ik BS B ik z ′ ′+ ′∝ ?à?t? ?? 1± S )0,sin(),( 1± ′≈ θzyx  My0? 00 1 1 sin xx yy x ik ik x ik x zz θ ± ± ′′+ ′?=?=?′ ?[μ 22 00 111 ( , ) exp[ ( )]exp[ ]exp[ ] 2 x xyyxy U x y U ik S B ik ik zz ±±± ′ ′′′ ++ ′′ ′∝?  22 11 1 exp[ ( )]exp[ ]exp[ (sin ) ] 2 xy UikSBik ik z θ ±± ± ′′+ x′ ′′=?  q 22 11 1 1 1 exp[ ( )]exp[ ]exp[ (sin ) ] 22 xy At ik BS B ik ik x z θ ±± ′′+ ′ ′′∝? ??t^ - W¥?; ? ?  q 0 ()( 1 )BSB BS B ± ′ ′=  V[ ü - ? ê My0? T ),( yx ′′? ' q 22 22 01 (, ) ( ) ( ) x yx xy kBSB k kBSB k zz ? ± y′ ′′++ ′′ ′ ′=+ = + ′ ? o^ ü ? M??F¥? ?1 ),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~ 110 yxUyxUyxUyxU I ′′+′′+′′=′′ ?+ = 1 10 1 exp[ ( , )]{ [exp( (sin ) exp( sin )]} 2 t 1 A xy t ik x ik x?θ +? ′′ ′′ ′′++?θ ? -??Hq Vy y 1 sin sin 1 1 = ′ = ′ ± ± θ θ V1^¥?_bv q? ^μ V/sinsin 11 ±± =′ θθ ' Vxkxk /sinsin 11 ′=′′ ±± θθ 7 13 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ffk πλ λ π θ 2)( 2 sin 1 ±=±= ± } ? U I ¥Vr Tμ (,) 101 (, ) [ cos(2 )] ixy I f Uxy Ae t t x V ? π ′′ ′′ ′∝+  7t;o1 )2cos(),( ~ 101 fxttAyxU O π+= ?"My0 (, )x y? ′′-? μM ?¥Vr Tb 7My0 <Vr T??Cb #^ DtμM]¥; <s?b't^-W ^M ?¥bN?μ ?31 a üb  1 t¥ bW ? q1 f7 ^ ¥ bW ? q1 f/V bW? ù? dM1 VdV U ^ ¥+?bv êl??Y^¥é b  2 ^é¥Qé V[YV? @?sD° @?s¥1′8C?t^?μ 0 1 t t IO ==γγ ' 1= O I γ γ '^¥Qé àμ/?b ? ?i¥t? V[YV Fourier MD P-?1B" ??;E¥? ?[  ?£ ü μ ?R¥ilb =a-?^e ?¥ L£ 1a 1? bW ro λλθ d f 1 sin ±=±= ±  d f 1 =   àt¥ bW ? qb bW ? qDo¥ ?M1 ?[ V[ NS??YaúY{Y¥ ro ?b ???;E?μ 01 )7 ?  ? ??¥? ùd? ù¥;E5iB" ¥s ? ??¥ bW ? qb ?B? ? q?μM?¥ ? ?] ? q¥o|?? ?i ?¥^Z? ü ?'° f ? b 5° f ? ?¨?]¥ ? V[ ? bW ro¥rTb V[μ?Ya {YúY¥ r o b L=¥tcò??' μò?V??ú¥ bW ? q?i?¥ g?9 ^μK¥ ?[? r?Btú ??b ?μ H 31m^é??/ ?ü1? |Btn @ é? rob 2a - Abbe1874 Mio+ Porter1906 M bW ro L 14 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ° f ? FB V?.?43^¥M?b[?a;E1tb  1 o ? 0 )'° @?sYV5^ ü ?$ 0 )ê?¥ o ?ov übíà Hq/$ ( v üb  2 ? 0)? 1)YV 5^ ü ?  ^ 0? 1 ?? ê?¥Qo¥M? ?Fb^ ü ?  ? ì¥ˉ?? VV U1 ] 2 exp[ 22 z yx ik + ? ] 2 (exp[ 11 22 z yyxx z yx ik ±± + ? + 'μ )]}exp()[exp(]{ 2 exp[),( ~ 1111 10 22 z yyxx ik z yyxx ikaa z yx ikyxU I ??++ + ?+ + ?+ + = ?? x +1 ? x -1 ¥??[# yZ_ ? ^M]¥# V | y=0  TM1 )]}exp()[exp(]{ 2 exp[),( ~ 11 10 2 z xx ik z xx ikaa z x ikyxU I +?+= 15 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D )]cos(2][ 2 exp[ 1 10 2 x z x kaa z x ik += ? - ?¥y0 ^ μ¥5^ ? ¥o¥+???? 1 01 [2cos( x aa kx z + )] %?b ′¤?i¥ ^ ? @?s¥ bW ? q1 z x z xk f λπ 11 1 2 == 'ú)Q¥ ê¥ bW ? qúb ? @D° @¥M??? a 0 D 2a 1 ¥Mvl %?b ?T 2a 1 > a 0   T V[Cμ′b  3 éB?Z z.? P 01? 2) ?YV5μ 2 12 01 2 exp[ ][ 2 cos( ) 2 cos( )] 2 I xxx Uikaakxak zz =++  x z  4 P 0)-? ¥ ?μ ê?YV.?5μ ])cos()cos()cos()cos(][ 2 exp[2 ~ 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 "++++= z x ka z x ka z x kax z x ka z x ikU I ?aMéA±? ?YA±? ?^43i  qQ  qMμ?v¥" ?'???" ?b ? ^? ( i ü¥" ? 'iV qf ? ^êM?¥" ? 5??Qé tl7íE4 3b ? ^ V[?¨?FMM¥÷E?MiV qb !" ? ¥ à f ?1 ),( ),( ~ yxi eyxt ? =  ?? ; < ¥iV q à μM? bt ü ?¥ o1 bG Taylor Z 7 1 (, ) o UAtxy=   ] !3!2 1 1[ ~ 32 1 ),( 1 "+??+== ??? ? i iAeAU yxi o A±?t?¥° f ?)FBêMe 'Bj ee¥??FBlˉA8b ?A8?? )?° f ?  ,)ê¥ê? o ? P° @?sá 3MMb iVêMe¥;o 'é ?^ ?¥ ;oM1 ] !3!2 1 [ ~~ 32i 1 0 ),( 1 "+??+=== ??? δδ?δ i ieAeeAeUU iyxii oI )?T ¨ ? ]1[] !3!2 1 11[ 1 32i 1 ?δ ??? iiδ eeA i ieA +?=+??++?= " ; <1 2 1 (, ) ( 1 )( 1 ) ιδ ι -ιδ -ι Ι xy Α eeee ?? =?+ ?+ )]coscoscoscossinsin(23[ ]}coscos)(cos[23{ 2 1 2 1 δ?δ?δ? δ?δ? ??++= ???+= A A N H; <DêMμ1b V[ P" ?¥¨?ly7 1<<? N H ?? ≈sin  1cos ≈?   TM1 ]sin)(21[ 2 1 δ? y,xAI ′′+= bsinδ 1Qé b ?T PM M??4 /25 V[¤?K 16 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D v¥Qéb  ?ZE?1êMQéE 'êME ? Zernik? 1935 M 4 1953 M¤ v :t ?D?b ?? °?n ?¥S? T  ? °?n  ^;÷?¤ l à?D  àM í kù¥ b L=¥  "   ?? ?l¥  ?-??μ  ?¥  ?b  ù?¤ la ? ?¤ la [#^ ?¤ l? ?b ? ì? V[ ?c \ : : ?   s  T p¤ ∫∫ +?=′′ dxdy r e yxU i yxU ikr ),( ~ )cos(cos 2 ),( ~ 20 θθ π   ?   à)¥i o - ' - ? ??l¥\f ?b  àHq/  ?s?1 ),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~ 12 yxtyxUyxU =   ∫∫ =′′ dxdyeyxUCyxU ikr ),( ~ ),( ~ 2  ü?;? ?  H ),( ~ ),( ~ 12 yxtAyxU =  210 sinsin θθ kykxkrkr ??=  ∫∫ +? =′′ dxdyeyxteCAyxU yxikikr )sinsin( 1 210 ),( ~ ),( ~ θθ   ?s1? °?n s¥S? Tb  ?ù?¤ l't? ?@ù?Hq Ho - YZ ^ ü ? ¥ˉ??1 )( 1 0 ),( ~ yyxx z ik rik ee z A yxU ′+′ ? ′ =′′   s1 17 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D ∫∫ ′+′ ? =′′ dxdyeyxteCAyxU yyxx z ik ikr )( 1 ),( ~ ),( ~ 0  ? z yx zr 2 22 0 ′+′ +=′ b Y L  ?? zx /sin 1 ′≈θ  zy /sin 2 ′≈θ ù?sD? lsBáb ?? ?¤ l ∫∫ +? =′′ dxdyeyxteCAyxU yxikikL )sinsin( 1 210 ),( ~ ),( ~ θθ  ?- 1  à?????¥;?b ?^ ?¤ l?? ^ o ?ov ü  à)¥o -? ^?êM ?b V[ ! ),( 11 1 ),( ~ yxi eAyxU ? =   s T1 ∫∫ ′+′ ′ ? ′ ′+′ +′ =′′ dxdyeeyxtyxUCyxU yyxx z ik z yx rik )() 2 ( 1 22 0 ),( ~ ),( ~ ),( ~  ∫∫ ′+′ ′ ? ′+ ′ ′+′ = dxdyeeyxteCA yyxx z ik rikyxi z yx ik )( ),( 2 1 01 22 ),( ~ ?  ( )SSQkSQSQkrkyx ′=′+=′+ )]()[(),( 01 ?   ??t^-W¥?;??  424n 1??′Dt?¥ê?í1b| :1è ?-   s1 ∫∫ ′+′ ′ ? ′ ′+′ =′′ dxdyeyxteeCAyxU yyxx z ik z yx ik ikL )( 2 1 ),( ~ ),( ~ 22 0   9??? °?n s¥S? Tb  ? bW ro??) ?  Ba¨? °?n  LC àf ?¥° ú=MD ? °?n ¥S? T1   ∫∫ +? = dxdyeyxteCAU yxiki )sinsin(),( 121 2121 ),( ~ ),( ~ θθθθ? θθ  ∫∫ ′+′ ′ ? ′′ =′′ dxdyeyxteCAyxU yyxx z ik yxi )( ),( 1 ),( ~ ),( ~ ?  ? ),( 21 θθ? ? ),( yx ′′? 1  à??? ¤ l ü ?¥ êMμ ¤ l ?¥? ]ê? μ?]¥ ?′b 7 àf ?¥° ú=MD1 ∫∫ +? = dxdyeyxtffT yx yfxfi yx )(2 ),( ~ ),( π  V[? ?^ ?$f ?¥My0M?' )sin,sin(),(2 21 θθπ kkff yx =  ),(),(2 yx z k ff yx ′′=π  ?Ts T - ?¥y0 ^è ?¥? 5t ?2T àμ?Y¥? 5 V[ P¤? °? 18 a?^ ;D ? Bc ° ú=MD;D n M? àf ?¥ ? ?b a ?To ^BQ a¤ ?¥ <s?5  ?y0? T¨b a ?T #=Q  5° f ? ¥êMs??Y??=QM??F¥2Tb ? ? ^ ° f ? μ ü ?o 5  ?My0'1è ?b |  à??i?¥ -? ?' Vb ? Ha? ?¥ ˉ?? s? ' ^ ?¥ àf ? ¥° ú= ? ? ? ?  ?M μB? è " ?b V[? )},( ~ {),( ~ yxtyxU F=′′ b] Hμ ),( 1 ),( 2 ),( yx F yx F k ff yx ′′=′′= λπ b 19