1
第三节 干涉条纹的可见度
The visibility (contrast) of interference fringes
)()( mMmM IIIIK
K表征了干涉场中某处干涉条纹亮暗反差的程度。
-4 -2 0 2 4
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
I
M
I
m
I
x
可见度 (Visibility,Contrast)定义:
2
21212121 22 IIIIIIIIII mM,++=
)( 21212 IIIIK
)c o s)((
)c o s)((
c o s



KII
II
II
II
IIIII
1
2
1
2
21
21
21
21
2121
式( 11-14)
c o s2 2121 IIIII ++=
对于双光束干涉:
光强与可见度的关系:
3
一,振幅比 对条纹可见度的影响
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
21
2121
1
2
2
)(2


A
A
A
A
AA
AA
IIIIK


值越小。相差越多时,和当
,对比度变差。时,当
,对比度最好。=时,当
KAA
KAA
KAA
21
21
21
1
1

4
二,光源宽度 的影响和 空间相干性相干性( Coherence)
相干性与干涉( Coherence & interference)
x
I
点光源产生的干涉条纹
x
I
扩展光源产生的干涉条纹
5
1、光源宽度 对条纹可见度的影响
'''
)()( 1212
xx
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x
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,其中光程差
:发出的光线到被称为干涉孔径角?
Pr
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S1
S2
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x'
1r'
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dx' c
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β
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b
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b
b

2
c o s
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12
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0
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2
2
点的光强:的整个光源在宽度为


b
bK s in?
)](c o s1['2 0
0
kdxIdIPc
PI
点的光强:处的元光源在平面上的光强值,为单位宽度光源在设
7


b
bK s in?
cb临界宽度讨论:
1)光源的临界宽度:条纹可见度为 0时的光源宽度
4?pb允许宽度
2)光源的允许宽度:能够清晰地观察到干涉条纹时,
允许的光源宽度
8
2、空间相干性 ( Spatial Coherence )
若通过光波场 横向两点 的光在空间相遇时能够发生干涉,则称通过空间两点的光具有空间相干性。
/ cb
cb?
k
9
deb c干涉系统不变量
θ 1
S
2
0’
x'
ebc
β
l D
x
S
1
θ 2
ω
0
d
1 cb l 2 e D
10
三,光源非单色性 的影响和 时间相干性
1、光源非单色性 对条纹可见度的影响
]c o s1[2 0
0
kdkIdIdk
I
在干涉场中的光强:元光源密度),为光强的光谱分布(谱设






2
2
s i n
12
]c o s1[2
0
0
20
20
k
k
kI
dkkII
k
k
k
k
光强分布:所有谱线在干涉场中的

2
2s in


k
k
K
11

2
2s in


k
k
K
讨论:
相干长度 (coherence length):对于光谱宽度为(或
k)的光源能够产生干涉的最大光程差。


2
21
m a x
2
k最大光程差:
12
2、时间相干性 (Temporal Coherence)
1
2
m ax


t
tc
时间相干性,若同一光源在相干时间内发出的光经过不同的路径在空间相遇时,能够产生干涉,则称光具有时间相干性。 (光程差存在条件下产生干涉 )
相干时间?t:光通过相干长度所需的时间。
(光波谱宽)
公式:
13
Partial Coherence & contrast
It is incorrect to think of light as either
coherent or incoherent,Light can have
different degrees of coherence,which
introduced the concept of partial
coherence.
Complete coherence is merely a
theoretical limit,
14
Partial Coherence & contrast
Assume that two wavetrains of light,
each of finite length?s,overlap to
their full extent,Such complete
overlap will result in distinct maxima
and minima of the highest degree of
contrast,But even if the wavetrains
overlap only in part,interference is
possible,Although the degree of
contrast of the fringes is less,
depending on the degree of overlap.
15
本课内容回顾
2、振幅比与可见度的关系,
3、光源宽度与可见度的关系
4、光源单色性与可见度的关系
5、名词解释:空间相干性、时间相干性、相干长度、相干时间、干涉孔径角
1、可见度的定义
2
2
2
1
21
2121
2)(2
AA
AAIIIIK


cb临界宽度
2
m a x?
相干长度
16
Homework
1,比较说明空间相干性和时间相干性的联系和区别。
P244 6&7
下一节
17
Visibility
It can be defined as
K=(Imax-Imin)/(Imax+Imin)
where Imax and Imin are the
intensities at the maxima and
minima of the fringe pattern.
返回
18
Contrast
It can be defined as the ratio of the
difference between maximum areance
Emax,and mimimum areance,Emin,to
the sum of such areances:
K=(Emax-Emin)/(Emax+Emin)
The amount of power incident per unit
area is called areance (illuminance).
返回
19
Coherence
The property of light necessary to
produce interference is called
coherence.
返回
20
Coherence & Interference
Coherence is a property of light,
Interference is the process of
interaction,
Coherence means that two or more
waves in a radiation field are in a
fixed and predictable phase
relationship to each other.
We distinguish two classes of
coherence,spatial coherence and
temporal coherence,返回
21
Spatial Coherence
Spatial coherence or,more precisely
transverse spatial coherence refers
to the phase relationship between
waves traveling side by side,at a
certain distance from one another,
The farther apart the two waves,
and the less coherent the light will
be.
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22
Coherence Length
The length of a wavetrain,?s,
is called coherence length.
返回
23
Temporal Coherence
Temporal coherence or,longitudinal
spatial coherence (often called
monochromaticity) applies to waves
traveling the same path,It refers to
the constancy,and predictability,of
phase as a function of time.
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