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第十四章 光的偏振和晶体光学基础光的偏振( Polarization of light)现象的发现偏振现象的意义(说明了光的横波性)
菲涅尔( Fresnel)和阿喇果( Arago)实验杨氏假设菲涅尔的理论偏振现象与晶体( Crystal)
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第一节 偏振光概述一、偏振光与自然光( Polarized light and Natural light)
1,自然光,具有一切可能的振动方向的许多光波之和。
特点:振动方向的无规则性。
表示:可用两个振动方向垂直的、强度相等的、
位相关系不确定 的光矢量表示。
自然光
Natural light
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2,偏振光( Polarized light):
光矢量的方向和大小有规则变化的光线偏振光( Linearly polarized light),光矢量方向不变,其大小随位相变化。
圆偏振光( Circularly polarized light),光矢量大小不变,其方向绕传播方向均匀转动,且矢量末端轨迹为圆。
椭圆偏振光( Elliptically polarized light),
光矢量大小和方向都在有规律地变化,且矢量末端轨迹为椭圆。
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偏振光方程:
)](e x p [
~
]e x p [
~
~~~
2
1
00

kziaE
i k zaE
yExEE
y
x
yx


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Z
1)线偏振光
(Linearly
polarized light)
振动平面:
光矢量与传播方向组成的平面称为线偏振光的振动平面。
01 )e x p (~~ xi k zaEE x=
6
02
01
21
)](e x p [
)e x p (
~
ykzia
xi k zaE
aa


右旋
2
z2) 圆偏振光 (Circularly
polarized light)
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3) 椭圆偏振光
(Elliptically
polarized light)



2
0
)](e x p [
)e x p (
~
02
01
21
ykzia
xi k zaE
aa

左旋右旋
z
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自然光部分偏振光
3,部分偏振光 ( Partially polarized light)
自然光在传播过程中,由于外界的作用造成振动方向上强度不等,使某一方向上的振动比其它方向上的振动占优势。
Partial polarized lightNatural light
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m i nm a x
m i nm a x
II
II
I
IP P

总表示,部分偏振光 =完全偏振光 +自然光完全偏振光 Ip=Imax-Imin
偏振度:
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二,偏振光的产生 ( Production of polarized light)
主要方法:反射和折射、二向色性、散射、双折射
1,Polarization by reflection
2,Polarization by transmission
3,Polarization by dichroism
4,Polarization by scattering
5,Polarization by double refraction
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1、由反射和折射产生偏振光
1)菲涅尔公式:反射波、折射波与入射波振幅比值的关系
2n
1q
1n
2q
1q

x
z
o
E1p
E1s E’1s
E’1p
E2s
E2p入射面 xoz
分界面 xoy
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由麦克斯韦方程组和电磁场边界条件推出:



)式(
)式(
2
)s i n (
co ss i n2
1
)s i n (
)s i n ('
21
12
1
2
21
21
1
1
qq
qq
qq
qq
s
s
s
s
s
s
A
A
t
A
A
r



)式(
)式(
4
3
)c o s ()s i n (
c o ss i n2
)(
)('
2121
12
1
2
21
21
1
1
qqqq
qq
qq
qq
p
p
p
p
p
p
A
A
t
tg
tg
A
A
r
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公式讨论:
1、由 式( 1)知:当光线从光疏介质到光密介质时,
)s in (
)s in ('
21
21
1
1
qq
qq

s
ss
A
Ar
0,,2121 srnn 则qq
2、由 式( 3)知:当时,0?
pr
)(
)('
21
21
1
1
qq
qq

tg
tg
A
Ar
p
p
p?90 21 qq
3、由,
式( 2)( 4)知,化。恒为正,不发生位相变、
ptt s
)s in (
c o ss in2
21
12
1
2
qq
qq
s
ss
A
At
)c o s()s i n (
c o ss i n2
2121
12
1
2
qqqq
qq
p
p
p A
At
14
)(
1
21
n
ntg
P
q
反射光为线偏振光。振动方向垂直于入射面。
透射光为部分线偏振光。
2)布儒斯特定律 ( Brewster’s Law )
自然光投射到两种不同介质的分界面上时,若入射角满足关系式,则反射光中没有振动平行于入射面的分量。
221
qq




2n
1n
1q
2q
1q
,
入射角为布儒斯特角,即
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3)实例( Examples),
用玻璃片堆获得偏振光
Pq
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偏振分光镜
ZnS(n2) 冰晶石(n
1)
45。
n3
制作
原理
n3
膜层厚度
层数
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2、由二向色性产生偏振光
(Polarization by Dichroism)
二向色性 ( Dichroism ):各向异性的晶体对光的吸收本领随波长改变外,还随光矢量相对晶体的方位而改变。
人造偏振片 (Polaroid):
H偏振片和 K偏振片
x(拉伸方向 )
y(透光轴方向 )z
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一束非偏振光入射到气体上,那麽在与入射光束垂直的方向上被散射的光是线偏振光。散射光的振动方向 在光线传播方向的垂直平面内。
3、由散射产生偏振光 (Polarization by scattering)
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三,马吕斯定律 (Malus’ law)和消光比 (Extinction ratio)
如果一入射线偏振光的电矢量振动方向和检偏器的透光轴成
q 角,则通过检偏器之后的光强 I 为:
q? 20 c o sII
起偏器 ( Polarizer ),用来产生偏振光的偏振器件 。
检偏器 ( Analyser ),用来检验偏振光的偏振器件 。
A0cosq
A0sinq
y(透 光轴方向 )
x
q
I0
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自然光
(Natural light)
验证马吕思定律的实验装置:
起偏器 (Polarizer)
检偏器
(Analyser)光电接收器
(Photoelectric receiver)
P1
P2
Ecosq
q
消光比:最小透射光强和最大透射光强之比 。
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实验演示
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Homework(14-1)
1,What is the angle of incidence for
complete polarization to occur on
reflection at the boundary between
water (n=4/3) and flint
(n=1.72)assuming that the light
comes from the side of
1) The water?
2) The glass?
14-1&14-3
下一节
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Brewster
David Brewster (1781-1868),Scottish
physicist,professor of physics at St,
Amdrews College,Initially a minister in
the Church of Scotland,Brewster
became interested in optics,found the
angle named after him,contributed also
the dichroism,absorption spectra,and
stereo-photography,invented the
kaleidoscope,and wrote a book about
it.
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Brewster’s Law
Brewster’ law,in his own words,states
that,when a ray of light is polarized
by reflection,the reflected ray forms
a right angle with the refracted ray,
On the laws which regulate the
polarization of light by reflection from
transparent bodies.”
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Malus
Etienne Louis Malus (1775-1812),
French army officer and engineer,One evening
in 1808 while standing near a window in his
home in Paris,Malus was looking through a
crystal of Iceland spar at the setting sun
reflected in the windows across the street,As
he turned the crystal about the line of sight,the
two image of the sun seen through the crystal
became alternately darker and brighter,
changing every 90o of rotation,After this
accidental observation Malus followed it up
quickly by more solid experimental work and
concluded that the light by reflection on the
glass,became polarized.