Nobel奖获得者
及其主要工作
主讲 :朱平平
The Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953
“for his discoveries in the field of
macromolecular chemistry”
H Staudinger
1881~1965
H Staudinger(施陶丁格): 高分子科学的奠基人
? 1920年发表论文“聚合反应”(德国化学会通讯)
? 1930年高分子学说逐渐被接受
?突破有机化学的传统观念,首先提出了高分子观
念
?以大量先驱性工作为高分子化学奠基
?摒弃了对当时的一些天然高分子(如橡胶、纤维
素、蛋白质等)认为是胶体的错误观念
H Staudinger: 高分子科学的奠基人
?先驱者的孤立
?一场关于高分子的论争
?探索者、教师和师徒
先驱者的孤立
?哈里斯的假设:“橡胶是低分子的不饱和碳氢化合物缔合
为胶体颗粒而形成的物质。”
?施陶丁格进行实验,发现:天然橡胶氢化后得到的氢化
天然橡胶无法蒸镏;与天然橡胶性质差别不大,而这无法
用缔合说进行解释
?施陶丁格主张:这些物质具有巨大分子及链状结构,同
时认为纤维素、蛋白质同样也是高分子。
?当时所有的著名化学家(其中包括一些诺贝尔奖获得
者)都不同意他的观点。
?维尔施泰特:“对于作为一个有机化学家的我,一个分子
可能有10万以上的分子量是十分难以相信的,但根据施陶
丁格教授的报告,我想我们有必要慢慢地适应这种思考方
法。”
一场关于高分子的论争
? 1920年~1930年
?玛格达:“施陶丁格在他所有的演讲中都遭遇过反对。只
是在1929年秋天,在法兰克福召开的西南德意志化学会的
一个演讲时他介绍了他的粘度公式,第一次出现了没有人
反对的场面,这使我们感到惊讶,也使我们欣慰。”
?施陶丁格粘度公式:
?开拓了高分子溶液的研究,后来高分子溶液理论为
P.J.Flory所发展。
sp m
cKMη =
探索者、教师和师徒
?施陶丁格:“我宁愿在我的实验室里安静地从事我的工
作,或者在我的花园里照料花草,而不是去捍卫我的理论
或者花时间来反对他人的错误工作。”
?1953年获诺贝尔化学奖,72岁,已退休2年
?美国一家杂志报道的新闻标题:“来的迟了,总比没有要
好”
“for his discoveries in the field of
macromolecular chemistry”
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963
Karl Ziegler Giulio Natta
1898~1973 1903~1979
“for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry
and technology of high polymers ”
Ziegler -Natta催化剂
? 1953年发明了齐格勒催化剂以及低压聚乙烯合成
方法,使聚乙烯的工业化生产取得了重大进展
? 1954年~1956年纳塔改进了齐格勒催化剂,使其
能适用于聚丙烯的生产,从而建立了有规立构聚丙
烯的合成方法。
?
Ziegler -Natta催化剂
?Ziegler 催化剂:三乙基铝-四氯化钛混合物
?Natta:三氯化钛代替四氯化钛
发现聚丙烯聚合法
形成假说:物理性质与高分子链的立体规整性相
关
提出有规立构高分子的概念(革命性的成果)
聚丙烯发明的优先权之争
最后达成的协议:
?纳塔与蒙特卡蒂尼公司具有聚丙烯的优先权
?聚丙烯的专利费与煤炭所对半分
?聚乙烯的优先权仍是齐格勒的
stereoregular polymer
(有规立构聚合物)
A regular polymer, the molecules of which can
be described in terms of only one species of
stereorepeating unit in a single sequential
arrangement.
Pure and Appl. chem, 1981, 53, 733
IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature
for Stereochemical Definitions Relating to Polymers.
isotactic polymer
(全同立构聚合物)
a regular polymer, the molecules of which can be described
in terms of only one species of configuration base unit
(having chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain) in a
single sequential arrangement. In an isotactic polymer, the
configurational repeating unit is identical with the
configurational base unit.
syndiotactic polymer
(间同立构聚合物)
a regular polymer, the molecules of which can be
described in terms of alternation of configurational base
units that are enantiomeric. In the syndiotactic polymer,
the configurational repeating units consist of two
configurational base units that are enantiomeric.
atactic polymer
(无规立构聚合物)
a regular polymer, the molecules of which have
equal numbers of the possible configurational base
units in a random sequence distribution.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974
“For his fundamental achievements,
both theoretical and experimental,
in the physical chemistry of the
macromolecules”
Paul J.Flory
Polymer thermodynamics, kinetics,
molecular weight distribution, solution theory.
1910~1985
W.H.Carothers and P.J.Flory
(卡罗瑟斯和弗洛里)
Flory:
?1934年Flory获得博士学位
?进入杜邦公司
?在卡罗瑟斯小组从事聚合物
的合成工作
?1936年发表第一篇文章:
“尼龙缩聚物缩合反应的统计研究”
(化学家第一次用统计方法研究
高分子聚合反应)
W.H.Carothers
inventor of nylon and neoprene
Flory对高分子化学的第一个重要贡献
?提出“等活性假定”
?分子的反应性与大小无关
?产物分子量分步:最可几分布
?利用动力学实验,证实了“等活性假定”
研究尼龙及其他缩聚物生成机理:
Flory对高分子化学的其他重要贡献
?提出链转移概念
?凝胶理论
Flory对高分子物理化学的重大贡献
Flory-Huggins格子理论:
?格子理论示意图
? M.L.Huggins
?
Flory曾写道:“Huggins十分大度地鼓励我与他同时发
表工作,这是我们长期友谊的产物,不因优先权的竞
争而受到伤害。”
Flory对高分子物理化学的最重要贡献
—排除体积理论和θ温度
? 1948年应邀主持康内尔大学贝克讲座
?同年成为该大学的教授
?讲座期间,提出排除体积理论和θ温度概念
?将贝克讲座的内容扩充成书—Principles of
Polymer Chemistry
Principles of Polymer Chemistry
(New York:Cornell University Press,1953 )
—高分子学科中的Bible
Flory: The effect of excluded volume
The configuration on the left represents
the random coil in absence of volume
exclusion, the chain being equivalent to
a line in space.
In the sketch on the right, the units of the chain occupy finite
domains from which other units are excluded, with the result that
the average size of the configuration is increased.
1. 真实高分子链≠无规行走链
无规行走的轨迹可交叠,而不同的链单元不可能占据
相同的空间。
完全可能通过选择合适的实验条件来消除排除体积
效应。
( )
()
( )
2
23
11
21uN TMFJυ νψ θ ξ=?
2. 一些特殊状态下( ),排除体积
0u =
T θ=
3. 与溶剂、温度有关
χ
( )
53 12
1
21
M
CTMχχ ψ θ?= ?
2
h
:均方末端距
χ
:扩张因子
222
0
hhχ=
( )
1χ >
( )
53 12
1
21
M
CTMχχ ψ θ?= ?
( )
()
( )
2
23
11
21uNv TMFJυ ψθ ξ=?
%
溶剂不同,排除体积效应不同
? 高聚物/良溶剂体系:
良溶剂-链单元间的相互作用力>链单元间的内
聚力, 线团扩张, 大,线团对溶剂流动的扰乱
大, 值很大。
[ ]
η
2
h
? 高聚物/劣溶剂体系:
内聚力使线团收缩, 值 较小。高分子线团塌缩。
当内聚力达到一定程度时,高分子聚集,甚至从溶剂中
沉淀出来。
2
h
溶剂不同,排除体积效应不同
? 高聚物/ θ 溶剂体系:
θ 溶剂-链单元间的相互作用力=链单元间的
内聚力,无扰高斯线团。
链单元间的净相互作用力
相斥作用
相斥力=吸引力 θ 态
吸引作用
凝聚
改变混合溶剂中S
1
/S
2
稀溶液性质 了解链单元间的相互作用
(良 劣)
温度
溶剂
扩张链
无规线团
蜷曲线团
蜷曲-无规线团 -扩张-无规线团 -蜷曲
25℃, PMMA / MeCN+ClBu
蜷曲无规线团扩张无规线团蜷曲链的形态
劣溶剂θ溶剂良溶剂θ溶剂劣溶剂溶剂性质
0.380.50.700.50.33
0.9111.2310.87
00.0440.420.9121
MeCN
φ
χ
a
( )
12
22
0
hhχ =
[]
a
KMη =
高分子溶液渗透压的维
利展开式
当时(Flory温度 )
θ溶液的性质
θ理想溶液的性质
Flory温度Bolye温度
实际气体性质的维利展
开式
在 Boyle温度,
实际气体的行为
理想气体的行为
()
2
12 3
cRTA AcAcπ =+++L
T θ=
cRTMπ =
2
PV A B V B V
′′′
= ++ +L
PV nRT=
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991
“for discovering that methods developed
for studying order phenomena in simple
systems can be generalized to more
complex forms of matter, in particular
to liquid crystals and polymers ”
De Gennes
b. 1932
Presentation Speech:
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, College de France, Paris, for his
investigations of liquid crystals and polymers. De Gennes
has shown that mathematical models, developed for
studying simpler systems, are applicable also to such
complicated systems. De Gennes has discovered relations
between different, seemingly quite unrelated, fields of
physics - connections which nobody has seen before.
Major progress in science is often made by transfering knowledge
from one discipline to another. Only few people have sufficiently
deep insight and sufficient overview to carry out this process. De
Gennes is definitely one of them.
Presentation Speech
Another large field, where de Gennes has been very active, is that of polymer
physics. A polymer consists of a large number of molecular fragments, monomers,
which are linked together to form long chains or other structures. These molecules
can be formed in a countless number of ways, giving the polymer materials a great
variety of chemical and physical properties. We are quite familiar with some of the
applications, which range from plastic bags to parts of automobiles and aircraft.
Also in these materials, de Gennes has found analogies with critical phenomena
appearing in magnetic and superconducting materials. For instance, the size of the
polymer in a solution increases by a certain power of the number of monomers,
which is mathematically analogous to the behavior near a critical temperature of a
magnet. This had led to the formulation of scaling laws, from which simple
relations between different properties of polymers can be deduced. In this way,
predictions can be made about unknown properties - predictions which later in
many cases have been confirmed by experiments.
Major progress in science is often made by transfering knowledge from one
discipline to another. Only few people have sufficiently deep insight and sufficient
overview to carry out this process. De Gennes is definitely one of them.
Liquid crystals
有序与无序
A smectic crystal
viewed through a
polarisation microscope
Nematic "droplets"
with the direction of
molecular orientation
marked
A liquid of nematic "droplets"
viewed through a polarisation
microscope. Different layers
correspond to different
molecular directions
The master of analogies
Whether the structure is a liquid crystal,
ferromagnet, superconductor or polymer,
universal features can be identified and be
explained by simple scaling laws.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000
Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa
b. 1936 b. 1936
b. 1927
“For the discovery and development of
conductive polymers”
Hideki Shirakawa(白川英树)
Hideki Shirakawa receiving his Nobel Prize from his
Majesty the king at the Stockholm Concert Hall 2000
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 -Diploma
亲密合作伙伴
MacDiarmid, Shirakawa and Heeger
诺贝尔评奖委员会的公告
塑料本来是不导电的绝缘体。它们合成了具有共轭链
的聚乙炔,用掺杂的方式使塑料出现与金属一样的导
电性。导电高分子已经成为化学及物理学研究的重要
领域。不仅将导电聚合物用于聚合物电池的设想正在
逐步实用化,而且发光二极管、移动电话显示屏以及
将来的分子电路也有可能用导电高分子作为关键材
料。
? 白川英树(Shirakawa)从事聚乙炔聚合机理研究
? 韩国研修生出现几个幸运的失误,使白川得到膜状聚乙
炔
?偶然的机遇,麦克迪尔米德(MacDiarmid)首先注意
到白川的聚乙炔膜
? 三人在美国合作研究
? 为了说明聚乙炔的导电性,黑格( Heeger)提出孤子的
概念
白川英树与福井谦一
? 他们都对得到诺贝尔奖的消息感到突然;
? 他们的成果在国外评价高,在日本国内认知度却较
低。
? 日本国内的最高奖是文化勋章。但只是在得知他们获
诺贝尔奖的消息后,才被急忙补了文化勋章。他们甚
至也都没得过日本化学会的学会奖;
? 他们在做学问方面,热衷于自己决定的非主流题目,
直到弄明白为止;
? 严格而谦虚,勤勤恳恳,全神贯注于研究工作,决不
做推销自己的事。
? 都喜欢登山,热爱自然。
参考文献
1. P J Flory. Principle of Polymer Chemistry. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1953.
2. P G de Gennes. Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics,
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979.
3. 闻建勋. 诺贝尔百年鉴——奇妙的软物质, 上海: 上海科
学教育出版社, 2001.